GRAPTA V. 
cover a single one. The eggs are destroyed by spiders and various insects by whole- 
sale. I have had the contents of one of my kegs swept away in a night, leaving not a 
trace of shell behind, and in same way I have lost scores of small larvae. The 
only safe mode of securing them is to transfer the larvae as soon as hatched to the 
house. Finally, after the larvae have escaped all apparent danger and have 
changed to chrysalids, the imago therein is often destroyed by ichneumon-flies. 
So that it is doubtful if much more than two per cent- of the eggs laid produce but- 
terflies. The perils of the winter destroy nearly all the last brood, and in the 
Spring but few of the butterflies are to be seen. They become more plenty as 
the successive broods appear, but, one season with another, the number seems to 
be about the same. 
Note. — The first mention of a Papilio Q aureum is in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1760, 
I, p. 477, as follows. “C aureum, P. N. alis angulatis fulvis nigro maculatis; pos- 
ticis subtus C aureo notatis. Habitat in Asia.” 
This species is now recognized as equivalent to Angelica, Cramer, pi. 388, an 
Asiatic species found in India and Japan, materially differing from any American 
Grapta. 
In 1775, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. page 506, describes C aureum nearly in same 
words, viz: “P. alis dentato-caudatis, fulvis, nigro-maculatis; postieis subtus C 
aureo notatis. Habitat in Asia,” and refers to Linnaeus. 
In 1781, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. II, p. 94, again describes C aureum in same words, 
with same reference to Linnaeus and habitat, but refers also to Cramer, II, pi. 19, 
fig. E. F. Cramer’s figures purport to represent an American species, which may 
properly be considered as the one had in view by Fabricius, although there was 
error in his reference to Linnaeus and in his habitat, caused naturally by the vague 
description of Linnaeus. 
I am satisfied that Cramer’s figures are intended to represent Umbrosa $ , 
though the execution is wretched. Mr. Scudder conjectured that they might have 
been taken from a third species possibly to be found in the Southern States and 
West Indies, and he proposed for this the name Cramerii. But I think the diffi- 
culty is altogether with the artist. 
In 1797, Abbot (Insects of Georgia) figured, without description, as 0 aureum 
the male Umbrosa . 
In 1798, Fabricius (Supp’t p. 424), for the first time mentions and describes P. 
Interrogationis, viz; “alis caudatis fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus glaucis: striga 
punctorum nigrorum, postieis C aureo notatis. 
Habitat in America boreali. 
Nimis affinis P. C aureo at paullo major et alse subtus glaucce striga punctorum 
nigrorum .” 
Wings tailed, fulvous spotted with black, beneath glaucous (i. e. a blue or green 
inclining to grey or white) with a transverse band ( striga ) o f black points. * * * * 
Extremely like P. 0 aureum but a little larger and the wings beneath glaucous with 
a transverse band of black points . 
