i6 
BEES AND BEE-KEEPING. 
tended that this mixed blast is cold. Testing this 
smoker by a delicate thermometer, the bulb of 
which was placed in the smoke about lin. from 
the nozzle mouth, 23odeg. was almost immediately re- 
gistered ; while a Bingham, burning with about the 
same vigour, gave only a few degrees higher. The 
reason for this is clear. The air from the bellows of 
the Clark drives forward a relatively large amount of 
smoke-laden, heated air from the fire-box, and so only 
partially reduces its temperature ; but in the same 
degree it diminishes the amount of smoke it carries. 
As the stream leaves the nozzle, it mixes with other 
quantities of cold air, and so quickly loses its high 
temperature ; but the Bingham does this also. Com- 
paring the two, we find the Bingham stream hotter 
than that of the Clark at the nozzle, but more 
densely laden with smoke ; while at the distance 
from the nozzle of the former at which its tem- 
perature is lowered to that delivered by . the so- 
called “ Cold Draught,” the density of the smoke, 
other things being equal, has become the same. The 
Clark smoker, therefore, gains only this very doubtful 
advantage, that it may be held slightly nearer to 
the bees, and to achieve this it introduces two grave 
practical defects. First, if the fire-box were air-tight 
at its base no air could be drawn through the fuel 
for delivery at the nozzle, and so large leakage is 
necessary around the door [d), or else the door must 
be left partly open. This permits suffocating and 
blinding streams of smoke to issue, to the great an- 
noyance of the operator. Secondly, tarry matters, 
always produced whatever kind of fuel is used, by 
