THE APIARY. 
397 
which thin paper has been placed. In half an hour 
the cakes will have set, and may be turned out by 
turning the moulds over and giving them a tap on 
the table. If the last parts in the saucepan have 
cooled too much to pour, a few seconds over the fire 
will again set it running. The cakes are used under 
the quilt or chaff-tray (as at Fig. 19), the paper 
standing uppermost. As the sugar is eaten away, 
a passage is opened up between the frames over the 
top bar, and a cosy recess is formed for the bees. 
Sugar as a substitute for honey only can be but a 
partial diet. Pollen^ bee-bread, or farina, is the 
natural nitrogenous or tissue-forming food of the bee, 
and is an essential for the adult insect for its own 
uses. It is true that, in a condition of comparative 
quiescence, the worker may long exist without it — as in 
a travelling-box, by example ; but it is demonstrable that 
exhausting labour cannot be continued, and brood cannot 
be raised, in the absence of pollen, or an equivalent. 
The deticiency of candy in this respect may be made 
good by adding to it some tissue-forming food, usually 
farinaceous substances, which are stirred into it, in the 
dry state, at the end of the boiling process. Flour- 
cake is the name then given to it, and it is an excellent 
provocative of brood-raising in the very early part of 
the season. I prefer pea-flour, and first suggested its 
use, because it contains about 23 per cent, of absolute 
tissue-forming material; whereas wheat-flour, which 
some recommend because it rather easily mixes with 
the boiling sugar, has only about 10 per cent. Pea- 
flour also contains much more fat and earthy matter, 
and so more exactly replaces pollen, which is rich in 
