THE PRODUCTION OF HONEY. 
471 
foot-notes,* in which the mathematics of the question 
is given, as too complex for the general reader) ; but a 
mischief arises, respecting which misconception pre- 
vails. The lines of centrifugal force run, as the name 
implies, directly from the centre — as ca^ cb, cd^ ce, cf\ 
and so the energy generated tends, in the middle of 
the comb (w), to throw out the honey direct; while 
in ca, the larger part of the energy is expended in 
driving it against the side of the cell. As the lines 
ca^ cb, playing upon the comb in the smaller can, are 
so extremely divergent, the rending strain, tending 
to drag the upper from the low’er part of 'the comb, 
is so great that ere all the honey can be extracted 
rupture is an almost inevitable result. To say that all 
the honey is not extracted, as a consequence of small 
radius-distance (as one writer has done), is a palpable 
error ; for the top and bottom of the comb (the comb 
standing sideways) have more than twice the radius- 
distance of its middle (see t and 7n), so that the loss 
through the obliquity of the forces at the greater dis- 
* a. Centrifugal force equals the square of the velocity divided by 
the radius distance = . ' 
r 
/ 3 .* The energ)’ required is in the ratio of the squares of the velocities. 
If two systems have their radii as i : 4, and their centrifugal pressures 
equal for equal masses, then 
V 2 V 2 
and 4 V 2 — V„2 ; 
r 4 r 
therefore 
V’l^ ; : : I : 4; 
i.e., (y8) the energy demanded is in the ratio of the radius-distances. This 
points to the greatest possible reduction of the radius-distance ; but as 
the latter decreases, the waste of energy from angular displacement, pro- 
ducing pressure on the cell side, increases, and these balance one another, 
for standard frames, at about 6in. For deeper frames, the radius distance 
should be greater, Langstroth frames requiring 7iin. 
