13 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
GLAND STRUCTURE. 
Four Systems of Glands — System or Sub-maxillary Gland — 
Hypo-pharyngeal Plate — Acini — Intracellular Structure — 
System II , , or Sub-lingual Gland — Intercellular Structure — 
System III. — Reservoir — System IV. — Large in Quee7i — 
Fu7ictio7is of Glands — Royal Jelly a7id Brood Food — Schbfi- 
felds Expe7'ime7its — Chyle Food — Hoiv Chyle Sto77iach and 
(Esophagus are brought together — Che77iical A7ialy sis — Varia- 
tion of Food— Microscopical Exa7iiinatio7i. 
Respecting the glands in the bee we have a very 
complete literature, as they have occupied the atten- 
tion of a large number of scientists, who have from 
time to time published their discoveries. The salivary 
glands in the honey bee have been divided into 
different systems, one pair being discovered by Ram- 
dohr (136) in 18 ii, and two other pairs by Meckel 
(109) in 1846, There are two systems in the head 
and one in the thorax. These were further studied 
by Leydig (96) in 1859, Siebold (154) in 1872, 
Holz {Bienenzeitung) in 1877 ; lastly we have all 
the systems, of which there are four, fully worked out 
and described by Schiemenz (144) in 1883. 
We will describe each system separately, as given 
by Schiemenz, and then give his and other scientists’ 
conclusions as to their functions and uses. 
System I. 
This is found in the head, and is called by Meckel 
(136) the sub - maxillary gland. It has its outlet 
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