120 
GLAND STRUCTURE. 
(Schiemenz). This last view is ,also held by Vogel, 
Dzierzon ( 39 ), and Hilbert. Schiemenz, who 
follows Leuckart, comes to the conclusion that 
System I. produces the food both for the queen and 
larvae, and points out that it is largest and most active 
in young worker bees, and that Systems II. and IV. 
have a digestive function. He sums up by saying : 
‘ The food is not produced in the chyle stomach, 
but is a secretion from the glands. The principal one 
in its production is System I., although the other 
systems cannot be entirely excluded without further 
observation.’ With respect to System IV., he points 
out that a queen who, for a body weight of 100 
grammes, produces 11,000 grammes’ weight of eggs in 
the year, and consequently requires great assimilat- 
ing powers, has System IV. enormously developed. 
Leuckart (93) in 1855 discovered that the larvae of 
workers were weaned, and after the third day had 
honey and undigested pollen (an error, as we shall 
presently see) added; the queen larva, however, re- 
ceived the same food during the whole of her larval 
existence, and he attributed to this the development 
of the ovaries. This, he said, was the difference be- 
tween ordinary brood food and royal jelly. On the 
other hand, Dufour (32) taught that brood food was 
semi-digested and produced in the chyle stomach, 
while Schonfeld (147) has anatomically and physio- 
logically demonstrated such to be the case. He 
points out that it is impossible for the bee to eject a 
secretion into the cells ; that System IV. produces 
the saliva for various purposes, such as assimilation of 
