PARTHENOGENESIS, 
149 
to life by warmth, only laid male eggs, whilst pre- 
viously she had also laid female eggs. Berlepsch (3) 
referring to this experiment, says he repeated it, and 
placed three queens for thirty-six hours in an ice- 
house. Two died, and one recovered, laying as 
before thousands of eggs — ‘ but,’ he says, ‘ from all of 
them only males were evolved.’ 
Sometimes, although spermatozoa are found in 
the spermatheca, the queen is still for some reason 
unable to fertilise the eggs. This may occur, as 
Leuckart ( 93 ) pointed out, from paralysis of the 
muscles, preventing them from acting in opening and 
closing the duct, or the duct may itself be injured, 
or from a lesion of the last ganglion, and Donhoff 
( 31 ) produced the same effect on two queens by 
pinching the abdominal segments with a pair of pliers. 
Both laid, but only drones were produced, owing to 
lesion of the nervous system. Leuckart made a 
microscopic examination of one of these queens, and 
found the spermathecal duct injured. He was the 
first to ‘ discover that a queen might be furnished 
with spermatozoa and be yet incapable of fertilising 
her eggs.’ To this state he gave the name of ^ arre 7 io- 
tokia'‘ {^Bienenzeitung,^ ^.nd Bull. Acad. Roy ale 
de Belgique.^ 
We have ourselves dissected several queens in 
this condition, and can fully confirm Leuckart’s 
observations. 
It will be noticed that there is a great simi- 
larity between the organs of the drone and those 
of the queen, and, as Leuckart has pointed out. 
