165 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
HERMAPHRODITE BEES. 
Abnormal Bees — Frequent Occurrence — When First Observed — 
Peculiar Characteidstics — Combmation of Sexual Characters 
— Imperfect Fecimdation — Imperfect Nutritioii — Cyclopie — 
Albino Bees, 
Although we have seen that an impregnated queen 
is capable of fecundating the eggs, and producing 
females and males at will, it sometimes happens that 
abnormal bees are found in a hive, having parts com- 
mon to the two sexes in one individual. Such cases 
occur much more frequently than is generally supposed, 
and they were first observed by Lucas (103) in 1808. 
Since that time they have frequently been mentioned 
and have been studied and described by Donhoff 
{Bienenzeitung,^ i860), Siebold {^Bienetizeitung,, 1S65), 
Leuckart ^ Bienenzeiiung^ 1866), Berlepsch (3), 
Assmuss {^Bienenzeitung^ 1866), and others. Girard 
(48) says they are very frequent in some hives, some 
with worker head and thorax and drone abdomen and 
male genital organs ; also drones with sting and poison 
glands more or less developed. Siebold, who made 
careful dissections of them, found a combination of 
their sexual characters, therefore he called them her- 
maphrodites, The development of the internal organs 
was co-related with the peculiarities of the external. 
In those with worker abdomen, he found the sperma- 
theca and ovaries present, but empty, the sting with 
