70 
THE entomologist’s RECORD. 
S. merairella and cratcegella^ common on fences ; Nomophila noctuella 
and Pyrausta purpiiralis, two specimens of each on the railway embank- 
ment j Scopula priinalis^ one ; Paraponyx straiiotata, one on June 22nd, 
1885 ; Crambiis pascuellus^ icliginosellus^ 2ind furcatellusp one of each on 
fences in 1888 ; C. tristellus, two at rest ; Ephestia elutella^ fairly common 
on a fence near Dulwich Wood ; Rodophcea marmorea^ one on August 
5th, 1887. I hope other entomologists will follow up these notes with 
their observations, so that we may have ere long a complete record of 
the fauna of South London.— W. D. Cansdale, London Road, Forest 
Hill, S.E. March, 1891. 
Times of Emergence. — I trust Miss Kimber will forgive me if I 
say that in my experience in breeding lepidoptera, extending over 
30 years, I have found, generally speaking, no exact data of the kind she 
mentions (vol. i.p.342). Species, according to my observation, emerge from 
the pupa with some connection to the habits of the imago. Day fliers are 
excluded in the early hours, but the majority of insects which fly at 
dusk or at night have really no time specially at which they emerge. I 
am now breeding Tcsniocampa msiabilis. It is a fair type of the genus 
of which I have bred every one but leucographa. They all emerge from 
7.30 a.m. to II p.m. — a wide range. The same may be said of most 
Noctuae. The butterflies emerge in the day-time; so do the day-flying 
Sphingidae, and many Tortrices and Bombyces, but I am sure it is the 
exception and not the rule for a species to have any special time for 
emergence. Of the insects Miss Kimber mentions, I have bred 
Notodonta trimacula as late as 10 p.m., Drepana lacertula from 9 a.m. 
to 5 p.m., Arctia meiidica from 8 a.m. to ii p.m.; Chesias spartiata at 
every time of day, and also Agriopis aprilina, Eupithecia sobrinata, and 
Nola cucullatella. The position or aspect of the receptacle of the pupae 
is the determining influence, as a fall of temperature will stay the 
emergence of any species. What I have' particularly remarked is the 
effect of the prevailing wind on the emergence of bred insects. Over 
and over again in breeding insects in large numbers, I have found that 
the moment the wind went round to the east the emergence stopped, 
and was only resumed when a change occurred, or the temperature rose 
on the eve of such an event, which is often the case. — C. Fenn. 
March 2nd, 1891. 
With reference to times of emergence, I bred last year several hundreds 
of butterflies varying in size from Polyommatus amphidamas to Papilio 
alexanor, and I noticed that they all emerged before 1 1 a.m., the greatest 
bulk of them appeared between 9 and 10 a.m. I also bred a large 
number of moths of many species, but they emerged at all sorts of 
times, except the day-fliers which appeared to follow the butterfly rule. — 
T. M ADDISON. March ^th, 1891. 
As Mr. Fenn says, day fliers must generally emerge in the morniitcr, 
and Mr. Maddison’s butterflies amply seem to bear this out. ^ly 
brother used to take Sesia bembeciformis between 7 and 8 a.m., sitting 
on the poplars just after they had emerged; and I have myself done so, 
and have taken S. apiformis in the same manner. It is, I fancy, the 
best method of obtaining these insects. They {S. bembeciformis) never 
come out after 8 a.m. My brother took a large series of these, but I 
have only taken a few S. apifoniiis, and so cannot speak with certainty 
1 These are remarkable as London insects. — E d. 
