174 
THE entomologist’s RECORD. 
pupa, when newly moulted, had been marked by lying against 
something. There are, however, when fully developed, two of 
these on each side of each segment, the 4 filling up the space 
from side to side between the wing covers. The pitting and 
these depressions are most marked on 5, and tend to be 
disposed in two transverse series on each segment, the whole 
arrangement bearing some resemblance to the special sculp- 
turing on the pupa of ligustri. In inegacephala, however, it is 
never very marked, and in many specimens only to be traced 
in comparison with a more decided instance. In the last 
larval skin I noted a very curious depression immediately 
behind the supra-spiracular tubercle; this is even more marked 
in the pupa, especially in 7, 8, 9 and 10. At least there is a 
deep pit on these segments at a situation that very closely, if 
not absolutely, corresponds with that in the larva, it is evident 
enough in ii and 12, and in 6 and 7 is a deeper portion of the 
hollows referred to above. 
The anal armature consists of a boss on the dorsal half of 
the otherwise rounded end of the pupa ; this boss is black, 
closely wrinkled longitudinally and armed with about 18 
spines or hooks. Of these two are dorsal, the remainder are 
disposed as a fan or fringe round the vertical margin, four 
along the extreme end and six or seven on either side, closely 
bunched together. These spines have an elegant curvature 
and terminate in a hook forming nearly three-fourths of a circle, 
the dorsal ones curl downwards, the terminal ones upwards, 
and the lateral ones in several directions. It is impossible to 
resist believing that the dorsal spines correspond with the 
dorsal ones of tridens, the four central with the four central of 
that species, and the lateral take the position of the lateral 
spine, the only difference from tridens being this multiplication 
of the outer vertical spine. As in alni, these spines secure a 
very firm hold of the silk of the cocoon, which is wound 
round and amongst them most firmly. 
I have no record showing that inegacephala misses a moult, 
but I did get into a confusion the first year I bred the species, 
as to the number of moults ; which probably arose from some 
four moulters occurring, those which I specially observed the 
second year all moulted five times. Megacephala is the most 
accomplished of all the species in passing more than one 
winter as a pupa, though it is run rather closely by leporina. 
More than half a brood usually goes over to the second year, 
and this year (1891) I had three pupai left of larvae of 1887, of 
