716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Vol. XXV 111. 
(Estrus have been obtained from various wild sheep and from some 
African antelopes. 
An interesting species Cephalomyia maculata Wied. is a parasite 
of camels, and the larval stage is passed in the nose or throat of 
the host. Both the Bactrian and the one-humped camel suffer from 
this fly. It is a small species, with thorax mottled yellow and black 
and abdomen blackish-grey. The head is broad and has a strangely 
swollen appearance. The wings are small, cut away at the hind 
margin, and mottled yellow along the anterior border. The halteres 
are masked by large scales or tegulse. The larva reaches, when mature, 
a length of 30 millimetres. It is then sneezed or spat out by the camel. 
It at once pupates, and, if kept under observation in a box of sand, 
the fly will be seen to emerge in about fourteen days. This species 
ranges across North Africa eastwards into India, and is also found in 
South Europe. It is the only representative of the genus so far 
discovered. Camels appear to suffer from the presence of the para- 
sifx;, and during various campaigns in Afghanistan and India the 
camels in the British expeditionary forces suffered severely. The 
continuous irritation produced in the nasal cavities and pharynx is 
followed by snorting and shaking of the head, with much exhaustion 
and a bloody and offensive discharge from the beast’s nostrils. If 
it should be proved that the same species is also a parasite of such a 
totally difierent host as the buffalo {Bos huhalm) of Southern Europe 
and Asia, as has been asserted by some authorities, it would indeed 
be remarkable. The evidence is not conclusive and it is a general 
characteristic that OEstrid flies restrict themselves to one host, or, 
at least, to closely allied species. To find the same form in a camel 
and an ox would upset many preconceived notions. 
3. Cuticolce-. Fifteen to twenty species of Hypodenna are known, 
whose larvae are parasitic on horses, oxen, buffaloes, American bisons, 
goats, deer, antelopes and musk-deer. The insects are known as 
warble-flies. Domestic cattle in India are the victims of a Palearctic 
species H. hovis, De Geer, which is nearly allied to H. lineata. There 
is uncertainty as to their exact geographical distribution and whether 
their life-histories differ to any great extent.* The late Miss Ormerod 
spent over ten years in collecting the evidence of farmers and hide- 
merchants as to the injuries to cattle and hides. She estimated that 
48 per cent of the hides exported from India were damaged by reason 
of the holes which the larvae bore in them. There is little exact in- 
formation as to the distribution of H bo vis in India. It seems 
to be found in Western India from the Punjab southwards probably 
as far as Gujerat. In Bengal it is confined to the hills. When the 
female fly approaches the herd of cattle to lay her eggs, the beasts 
often stampede into the nearest water, where it is supposed the flies 
• A good summary of what was known in 1906 was put together by A. D. Imma 
On the Life -Histories of the Ox Warble Flies,” Jour. Econ. Biology., vol. i., p. 74 
