742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 
usually there is a well shaped club (clavate or pyriform) ; the club may be 
hollowed out below (excavate) ; in many skippers there is a long f^iform end 
to the club, which is bent over like a hook. The colour of the club varies 
and there may be a white band below it. The variations in the antennae are 
often found to be useful in defining genera. 
9. The palpi are comparatively large processes, one on either side of the head 
springing from the edges of the mouth and curving forwards in fi’ont of the face 
and eyes ; between the palpi is protruded the proboscis. Each of the palpi 
consists of three joints, of which the first, nearest to the body, is hardly distin- 
guishable from the stout second joint ; the third joint is much narrower and 
varies very considerably in different species ; in some it is needle like ; in others 
entirely concealed in the second joint ; sometimes very long and stout; sometimes 
the third joint is what is known as porrect or extended forwards horizontally 
or it may be vertical, known as erect. The clothing of the palpi often fur- 
nishes a uiefnl mesns ol separating genera; it may be hairy, bristly (or seto.se) 
or scaly. 
10. The beginner should master as soon as be can the venation (or neura- 
tion), that is to say, the arrangement of the veins (or ribs, nervures or nervules) 
that support the wing membrane and the nomenclature that is employed to 
describe them. The majority of the genera are based upon venation differences. 
B is the “ Base ” of the wing next the body. 
A is the “ Apex ” and T the “ Tornus ” or anal angle. 
The margin of the wing from B to A is known as the “ Costa ” or costal margin ; 
from A to T as the “ Termen ” or outer margin ; from B to T as the “ Dorsum ” 
or inner margin. 
C is an enclosed area known as the “ Cell,” from which it will be seen that 
most of the veins spring or have their origin. 
The veins are numbered as showm in the diagi’am. 
The vein bordering the upper edge of the cell from the base to the origin of 
vein 7 is called the subcostal vein (or sev for short) ; that bordering the lower 
edge of the cell from the base to vein 4 is the median vein (mv) ; the veins at 
the end of the cell betw'een veins 4 and 7 are the discocellulars (dev) ; between 
7 and 6 it is the upper dev, between 6 and 5 the middle dev and between 5 
and 4 the lower dev ; the middle and lower devs may sometimes be absent. 
There are normally 12 veins on the forewing (F or FW for short), but vein 
8 and sometimes vein 9 also may be missing. In the majority of butterflies 
vein 8 and 9 and sometimes vein 10, rarely vein 6 as well, emanate from vein 
7, but in the skippers all the veins spring from the cell. In some groups vein 
1 (vl for short) is forked at the base; in others there is a small vein between vl 
and the mv ; via is only present in one group. The veins along the costa are 
sometimes bent towards each other, occasionally touching and more rarely 
7 
8 -A 
