744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 
The interspaces between the veins are numbered after the vein next below; 
thus space 1 is the interspace between veins 1 and 2 ; the space before vein 1 
is la and that before vein la, when present, is called lb. Markings parallel 
to the veins are called longitudinal and those at right angles to them transverse. 
Markings internal to the centre of the cell are basal ; those about a line through 
the centre of the cell are subbasal ; those about a line through the end of the 
cell are central. The area between the end of the cell and the termen is known as 
the disc and the markings about the centre of the disc are discal ; those before 
the centre are prediscal and those after the centre are postdiscal. Markings 
along the termen are terminal or marginal and those just before the termen 
are subterminal or submarginal. Markings along the costa are costal, those 
about the apex are apical ; those about the tornus are tornal or anal and those 
about the dorsum are dorsal. The names subapical, etc., are used for markings 
near the apex, etc. 
The colour of the ground generally and of the markings is natm'aUy a matter 
of importance and is often very difficult to describe in words. Often it is iri- 
descent, presenting a different shade according to the light. Amongst the 
blues, it is quite impossible to define the exact shade. 
The shape of the markings have to be defined. A spot may be annular, if it 
is just a ring enclosing the ground colour ; reniform if it is kidney shaped; the 
words quadrate, rhomboidal, oval, elongate require no definition. If there is 
an eye in the centre of a spot, it is called an ocellus and the eye may be fur- 
nished with an iris ; if there are two eyes the ocellus is called geminate. A 
band or fascia may be continuous or broken, straight or curved, regular or ir- 
regular ; if broken or irregular, it is important to note at which vein or space 
this occurs. A band consisting of more or less conjoined spots is called ma- 
cular and, if the spots are annular, it is catenulated. A line may be sinuous, 
or if, as is often the case, it is composed of conjoined crescents, it is lunulate 
or lunular. Fine lines are called strigae and, if the wing or a portion thereof 
is covered with fine lines, it is described as striated. 
14. The secondary sexual characters to be found in the males of certain 
species are of various types. Many authors separate oS genera on accomrt of 
differences in these characters, but unless a convenient group is formed thereby, 
the practice is to be deprecated. The features to be found are tufts of hair 
on the wings, legs or at the end of the abdomen, which may be recumbent or 
erectile ; brands on the wmgs m various positions, which may consist of narrow 
stigmas or of large circular or ova! patches and which may be covered with tufts 
of hair ; swollen or distorted veins ; pouches on the whigs, pendulous or flat ; 
the dorsum of the forewing bowed ; nacreous or scale-less patches about the 
dorsum on the unf or the costa on the uph ; pencils of hair that can be extended 
from the end of the abdomen. Except in a few isolated cases the females are 
devoid of these characters ; in two genera there is a corneous pouch, the shape 
of which varies with the sj>ecies, at the end of the abdomen ; and in the Blues 
there is a species with a peculiar tuft of close set fine hairs at the end of the 
abdomen. 
15. The description of a genus comprises the following in the order given : 
Fore’whig (F), shape and venation. 
Hindw'ing (H), do. 
Body. Legs, Antennae, Palpi, Eyes. 
A note showing how the sexes differ and how the genus differs from its allies. 
For a species the description should be given in the following sequence : 
Above, general colouring ; cilia. 
Upperside foiewing (upf), shape and markmgs. 
Upperside hindwing (uph), do. 
Below, general colourmg ; cilia. 
Underside forewing (unf), shape and markhigs. 
