898 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol.XXVIll. 
long and narrow. At the extreme end, jutting out from the tenth segment, 
will be seen two pairs of appendages (“ anal appendages ”) in the male, and 
one pair in the female, which vary enormously in shape in different species. 
These appendages are used by the male for seizing the female prior to copulation. 
This it does by encirclmg the female at the junction of the prothorax with the 
thorax, that is just behind the posterior lobe of the prothorax. Beneath the 
second abdominal segment of the male will be found the genital organs, whilst 
in the female these will be found under the 8th and 9th segments. The female 
organ consists of a more or less well-developed ovipositor, small in some 
species, enormously developed in others. On the sides of the 2nd segment in 
some species, will be seen two curious, ear-like processes which are known as the 
“ auricles.” 
5. The Larva. 
In the adult insect it will be noticed that the head is remarkably mobile, but 
in the larva, the head, prothorax and thorax are more or less fused and immobile. 
The wing cases of the larvae must be noted although they are not very apparent in 
very young larvae. The antennae here are much larger and more evident than 
in the adult insect and show marked family differences in shape. Beneath the 
head will be seen the “ mask ” or labium or lower lip, which is a highly specialized 
organ used for the capture of prey. It is capable of extension by means of jomts 
and fitted with nippers or formidable jaws by means of which, it grips its prey 
as the mask unfolds and shoots out with lightening rapidity. The shape of the 
mask varies widely in different families and is a useful means of classification. 
All the larv8B of the Anisoptera breathe by means of the rectum but the 
Zygopterous larvae have curious, leaf -like gills at the end of the abdomen which 
carry out this function and are known as the “ caudal gills.” These number 
two or three according to sub-families and serve to distinguish the larvae of the 
three sub-families. 
The comparatively few terms explained above should serve to help the amateur 
to read the keys which follow but for further convenience I shall append 
a glossary at the end of the latter. 
(To be conUnued.) 
