NOTES ON INDIAN WAGTAILS. 
10S3 
whose under-parts are less yellow, are birds of the year. These latter are rather 
like some first winter citreola but size will always differentiate. Another small 
difference between citreola and calcarata is that in the latter the under tail 
coverts are more strongly tinged with yellow, these parts being nearly white in 
citreola. 
Citreola ; Adult Winter, males. 
These differ but little from adults in summer plumage ; the head is usually less 
pure yellow, more sullied with dark feathers on the crown, and the black collar 
rather less well marked ; one finds many birds which are certainly not birds of 
the year and which differ considerably however from perfect adults. These 
are probably birds a year old. They differ from the adults in having the 
yellow on the head confined to the forehead and a broad supercilium running 
from the base of the bill to beyond the ear-coverts, the rest of the head being 
brown or olive brown tinged with yellow. There is no black neck band or collar 
and the ear coverts are sullied yellow instead of pure ; the upper-parts are more 
tinged with brown but the under-parts are yellow as in the adult. These birds 
probably become perfect adults at the next spring moult. 
First winter plumage, both sexes, and adult females. 
These are distinguishable at once from adults and one year old birds in having 
the under-parts whitish except that the chin and throat are always and the 
middle of the belly sometimes tinged pale yellow. On the upper parts they 
are browner, less grey and the only yellow on the head is confined to the super- 
cilium which runs forward to the base of the bill on each side and is never ab- 
sent. The cheeks and ear-coverts vary a good deal hut are more or less duskj', 
di'vaijs tinged with yellow ; in some there is a pectoral band of black spots. 
The yellow supercilium and tinge of yellow in the ear-coverts together with the 
lack of greenish tint on the upper-parts at once distinguish it from any Blue- 
headed Wagtail. So far as I can judge, in this plumage males and females are 
not distinguishable, and vary so much inter se that I cannot see any reliable 
guide to distinguish them from adult females. 
Calcarata ; Females in summer plumage. 
In this plumage two forms are found ; one, the adult, has blight canary yellow 
under-parts, supercilia and a tinge on the forehead (much as in winter) and the 
other, which is the first summer plumage is distinguishable from it at a glance 
by these yellow parts being very pale or whitish tinged with yellow (rather as in 
first winter). This was indicated by Whitehead (Ibis 1909 p. 242) and can be 
clearly seen in his specimens in the British Museum. From citreola adult it is 
distinguished by the greater size, blacker upper tail coverts and, whereas adult 
calcarata is as rich a yellow as adult citreola, the first summer calcarata is less 
yellow than any citreola. 
Citreola ; Females in summer plumage. 
In the “ Fauna of British India" it is said that the males and females 
are similar; this is not so. The adult female has neither the pure grey back 
nor the black collar of the male ; the upper-parts are greyish brown, the fore- 
head, supercilia and a good deal of the ear-coverts are yellow, the under-parts 
are as yellow as in the male . As in calcarata so in this bird, the adult plumage 
is not acquired in the first spring and the first summer birds are distinguished 
< from the adults by the less bright yellow coloration of the plumage, a yellowish 
olive brown crown, darker, less yellow, ear-coverts. 
Calcarata : Females in lointer. 
The adult female differs from any male in winter in lacking the yellow forehead, 
(the yellow on this part being confined to the base of the bill where the two 
supercilia coalesce) so that the whole head is dark olive with a yellow tinge 
instead of a yellow forehead and dark olive crown ; the lores, cheeks, ear- 
coverts are olive tinged with yellow instead of y'ellow ; there are no blackish 
