1088 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. 
The adult female resembles in all essentials what I have characterised as the 
adult summer female ; the pectoral region may or may not have blackish 
spots. 
Yhe first winter plumage. I can give no distinguishing characters in this plum- 
age as I have seen no specimens which for a certainty belong to this race. 
(tv) Motacilla jlava simillima {=Jlava F.B.I.) 
The adult male in spring closely resembles that of thuniergi except that there 
is a well marked white supercdium behind the eye and more constantly has 
blackish spots on the pectoral region. It is doubtful whether the females and 
first year birds can be differentiated from thuribergi. The darker crown and ear- 
coverts distinguish it from the true jlava of Europe with which it was confounded 
in the Fauna. A winter visitor to the eastern parts of the Empire. 
(v) Motacilla jlava leucocephala. 
Spring males are distinguishable from any other Wagtail by the almost pure 
white crown and ear coverts, — even in the field. Females and winter birds 
I have not seen. 
III. — The Black and White Wagtails. 
(i) Motacilla alba dukhunensis. 
This is the common White Wagtail of a large pait of the Indian Plains in 
winter and is rather a poorly differentiated form of the European White Wagtail 
(M. a. alba.) The spring birds and adult males in winter are a shade paler grey 
on the upper parts, usually the white edges to the covert, s are wider so that the 
two wing bars coalesce to form a broad band as in personata, and the wings 
are a trifle longer on the average than in the typical alba. The first winter birds 
and adult females in winter cannot with certainty be differentiated ; some are 
a shade paler on the upper parts and some are not ; the ^ving bars do not coalesce 
but some have rather wider white edges to coverts than is found in alba ; on the 
other hand many others are indistinguishable in this respect; they average longer 
in the wing and, so far as I have seen, never shew the yellowish tinge on the white 
of the face which is often, but not always, found in alba in similar dress ; more- 
over they have often more distinctly white foreheads. There is no single charac- 
ter however which wiU invariably separate them. It is possible of course that 
these birds which cannot be differentiated are the typical alba ; on the other 
hand I have not seen any adult male which could certainly be referred to the 
latter race. 
Summer Plumage. 
Males and females when fully adult are not with certainty distinguishable; 
some females however have the white forehead less pure, ticked with black or 
grey, and less white in the wing coverts, these very likely are first summer birds. 
Sometimes females have a certain amount of white on the chin and throat but 
this is an individual variation. 
Winter Plumage. 
The adult male resembles the summer male, except of course for the white, 
not black, chin and throat, and the black crown is sullied posteriorly with dark 
grey ; the adud female has the crown grey, sometimes with a few black feathers 
and the forehead white, but less broad and less pure than the male. 
The males in first winter have the crown dark, a mixture of black and dark 
grey, very variable, and the forehead white, some are entirely grey on the crown 
and the forehead greyish, these latter resemble the first year female and are 
not to be differentiated ; in both sexes the wing bar is double. 
