NOTJSS ON INDIAN WAGTAILS. 
1089 
Measurements. 
M. alba. alba. Norway, Sweden and W. Europe (20^ $ ) wing 88-92 ‘5 mm. 
(11$$) „ 84^88-5 „ 
M. alba dukhunensis. Sind and Punjab (21^ (S) „ 91-96 „ 
(7 $ $ ) „ 84-91 
J/. aZ6a daMunejisis Yenesay (breeding) (17d^) » 91-96 ,> 
Dukhunensis is distinguished at all seasons and in both sexes from personata 
by the white, not the black, ear-coverts ; in winter also by the white throat, 
and always by the shorter tail. 
dukhunensis tail (82,84) 88-95 mm. 
personata tail (87,90) 93-102 mm. 
Spring moult involves body, always the central tail and fairly often other 
tail feathers ; inner greater coverts, usually the three tertials, aU the median 
and some of the lesser coverts. 
(ii) Motacilla alba personata. 
Summer plumage. Both sexes have white foreheads and black crowms and ear- 
coverts, also chin and throat. The black on the head in the female rather less 
wide than in the male, that is to say it extends not so far down on the nape, 
otherwise the sexes are similar. Males differ from males of hodgsoni in having 
grey, not black, lesser wing coverts and mantles ; some females almost indis- 
tinguishable from females of hodgsoni but in the latter the mantle and lesser 
coverts are usually grey mixed with black or almost quite black, in both sexes 
however hodgsoni has usuaUy a longer bill and shorter tail (89-95mm.) Broad 
white wing band much as in hodgsoni. 
Winter plumage. The mantle resembles the summer bird but the chin is 
white and the bases of the throat feathers are white so that a certain amount of 
white shews in this part. The female is much the same, usually the black on 
the head is less wide. In both the ear-coverts are black. 
Males in first winter resemble adult males, sometimes, but not always, the 
crown is less black, i.e., mixed with grey ; the broad white wing band is not so 
pme white. The female has black ear-coverts as in the males, the head is grey, 
forehead white bordered posteriorly with blackish feathers ; wing band as in 
male. Chin and throat in first year birds much as in adult ; the amount of 
black or white on the throat varies individually. 
Measurements. 
6^ $ wing 94’5-98 tail mostly 98-102 bill from base 16'5-17'5 mm. 
7$ V wing 87 '5-95 tail mostly 90-100 bill from base 15‘5— 17 m.m. 
(m) Motacilla alba hodgsoni. 
This is perhaps the most handsome of the Black and White Wagtails ; in 
summer plumage the male has the crown and all the upper -parts pme black, 
forehead white, ear-coverts, chin and throat black as in personata. Lesser 
coverts black and broad pure white wing band. The female varies somewhat, 
some, perhaps older birds, are as black on the upper-parts as the male, others 
are darker grey than personata mixed or not with black feathers ; these are 
perhaps birds of the previous year. 
In winter the black ear-coverts are retained and the bird is very like personata ; 
however the darker grey of the mantle with or without black feathers ad- 
mixed, the shorter tail and rather longer bill will differentiate it. 
{iv) Motacilla alba ocularis. 
Differentiated from all the other Wagtails at all seasons by a black line from 
the base of the bill through and carried on beyond the eyes. It has a gre 
mantle and white ear-coverts. 
{v) Motacilla alba leucopsis. 
A black-backed form like hodgsoni but has white ear-coverts, which at all 
seasons will differentiate it from the latter. 
