1953] 
Carpenter — Biology of Brachypanorpa 
33 
and jewel weed, by scraping the surface of the leaves with 
their mouth-parts. Caged specimens furnished with fresh 
leaves lived through the life span of adults in their natural 
environment. 
The males of carolinensis fly much like those of Panorpa, 
though usually not quite so far. The females, after pupal 
ecdysis, crawl up the stems of low-growing plants, and 
spend much of the time on the ventral surface of the leaves. 
This undoubtedly explains why so relatively few females 
have been found. When disturbed, the females will fly, 
usually downward, to another leaf or to the ground. Mating 
takes place on the leaves, usually on the upper surface. 
Complicated courtship, like that in Panorpa, is entirely 
absent; the male quickly approaches and grasps the female 
with his terminal forceps. Mating usually occurs in the 
evening, but may take place anytime during the day. A 
day or two after mating, the female works the tip of her 
abdomen into the soil and lays a loose mass of white eggs. 
Details of egg structure and development will be given by 
Dr. Cheng with his account of the larva. 
Brachypanorpa oregonensis (MacLachlan) 
This species was first collected on Mt. Hood, Oregon, in 
1881, and was described by MacLachan the same year from 
males only. The males differ from those of carolinensis 
chiefly by having several long ocellar bristles, absent in 
the latter. The females, first described by Carpenter (1931), 
are flightless, the wings being only as long as the thorax 
(Text fig. IB). 
B. oregonensis has now been found at many localities in 
the western half of Oregon, in the area extending nearly 
the full width of the state and about 130 miles inland from 
the coast. Unlike carolinensis, which has been found only 
at relatively high elevations, oregonensis occurs all the way 
from about sea-level {e.g., Glenada and Walport) to as 
high as 7000 feet at Crater Lake. Also the seasonal range 
of the adults is much greater than for carolinensis. At 
relatively low elevations (up to 1000'), the adults have 
been found from April 20 to June 22; at higher elevations 
(3000-7000'), from June 19 to August 4. Although there 
