EKWAK RIVEU 
Course of 
streams pro- 
bably cbaiijrefl 
Surface cover- 
ed by thin 
forest. 
Survey of 
Ekwaii river. 
6 r 
point reached by the marine terraces in the vicinity of Svitton Mill 
lake.9 the elevation was determined by simultaneous reading.^ of aneroids 
at the lake and on the shore f)t Hudson bay at the mouth of Trout 
river. The we.stern limit of these clays on the Albany river is below 
Martens falls and on the Attawapiskat near the mouth <<f the Black 
Fence river. On the Ekwan, the edge of the deposit was not reached^ 
and on the Severn, the niarinn clays were found on the Fawn 
branch near tlie lir.st outcrop of Laurentian rock. At the period of 
greatest submergence the sea covered a large part of the area u ruler 
discussion, but it is quite possible that part of the elevated ridge, con- 
sisting mostly of Cambrian rock.s, in the latitude of Sufion Mill lakes 
was either out of water or formed shallow reefs or a drain of islands. 
On the removal of the great mass of the glacier and tlie consequent 
inauguration of the retreat of the sea and elevation of the land, the 
former lines of draijiage were more or less blocked by the deposit left 
by the glacier and a new system of drainage was conso<juently formed. 
That some of these streams dianged tlieir courses a.s the ujjward tilting 
of the land took place, is very probable. In the case of the Fkwan, 
the upward tilting to the north caused the deflection of the stream 
from the valley through which it ran on its way to the sea to the north 
of Sutton Mill lakes. The deliected part of tlie river is now the .section 
below the Little Ekwan and is noticeable as being much newer than 
the upper part. 
The general surface is very even on that part covered by tlie marine 
deposit, and is a gently sloping plain covered for the most part by a 
thin forest of black spruce and tamarack, In the river valleys, espe- 
cially near the .streams, other trees occur, notably the poplars 
(Pofmluit iremuloides and /’. halsami/^ra) and birch. In the case 
of the latter tree, few large ones occur north of the Albany river, and 
the Hudson's Bay Co. have established a canoe-building industry at 
Albany post to supply the Indiana coming from farther north. On the 
Ekwan, a solitary birch was .seen, and that was only a small sapling on 
one of the islands. Five individuals of the Banksian pine wen- seen 
in one group on tlio north hank fifty miles up the river, so that the 
northern limit of botli birch and Banksian pine may be said U» be 
south of this stream. Poplar follows the valleys of tlio stre.-uns nearly 
as far north as the spruce. The country behind Cape Henrietta 
Maria is treeless, as is also a strip of the coast both to the south and 
the west of the cape. 
A micrometer survey of the Ekwan river was made to the mouth of 
the Washagami branch, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles. 
