and Freshwater Deposits of Eastern Norfolk. 351 
clay, and converted into dry land, on which forest trees lived; 
these were afterwards submerged, broken off short near their 
roots, and buried with their branches and leaves. The sub- 
sidence implied by the submergence of the forest continued 
afterwards, so as to allow of the superposition of a consider- 
able thickness of stratified and unstratified drift. 
The general character of the cliffs between Hasborough 
and Bacton Gap, a distance of about three miles, may be thus 
described : first, at the bottom, the lignite or forest bed, a few 
feet thick; secondly, above this, blue argillaceous till, con- 
taining boulders of granite and quartz and small pieces of 
shells from the Norwich crag; thirdly, laminated blue'clay 
resting on the till ; fourthly, stratified yellow sand, the entire 
height of the cliffs being between 30 and 40 feet. 
The cliffs between Bacton Gap and Mundesley, a distance 
of about three miles, are higher, but consist in like manner 
of drift containing a great variety of boulders, this being 
usually the lowest bed which is visible. Here we first meet 
with fine exemplifications of strata which have undergone 
great derangement since their original deposition, and which 
present that most perplexing phaenomenon the superposition of 
bent and folded beds upon others which appear to have under- 
gone no dislocation. Thus for instance the annexed section 
(fig. 1.) represents a cliff about 50 feet high, at the bottom of 
gravel. 
sand, &c. in curved 
beds. 
loam horizontal, 
till or unstratified. 
which is till containing boulders, having an even horizontal 
surface on which repose beds of laminated clay and sand 
about 5 feet thick, which in their turn are succeeded by ver- 
tical, bent, and contorted beds of sand and loam 20 feet thick, 
the whole being covered by flint gravel. Now the curves of 
the various coloured beds of loose sand, loam, and gravel 
are so complicated, that not only may we sometimes find 
portions of them which maintain their verticality to a height 
of 10 or 15 feet, but the replication is often such that a con- 
tinuous seam of fine loose sand between two layers of gravel 
or loam might be pierced three times in one perpendi- 
cular boring. As it is clear that some of the underlying 
Fig. 1. 
Cliff feet high between Bacton Gap and Mundesley. 
