C 570 3 
LXXXVL On the Combinations of Carbon n^ith Silicon and 
Iron^ and other Metals^ forming the different Species of Cast 
Iron, Steel, and Malleable Iron, By Dr. C. Schafhaeutl, 
of Munich, 
[Continued from p. 523, and concluded.] 
TN scarcely any analytical proceedings has the presence of 
^ electro-negative metals been more overlooked, than in the 
analyses of cast iron, steel, and wrought iron : the best irons of 
Sweden contain, as we shall soon show, a considerable quan- 
tity of arsenic, and the celebrated English Low-Moor iron 
contains still more. By forging the best English cast steel, 
arsenic is volatilized and may be very easily detected by the 
smell; and the blacksmiths who forge Low-Moor iron, fre- 
quently complain of the unpleasant smell which escapes (by 
them termed a sulphureous smell), causing them often swelled 
lips. It is for this reason that the Low-Moor iron surpasses 
in hardness and tenacity all other English iron. The same 
iron is known for its capability of being converted into bar- 
steel for coach-springs, although not bearing a higher degree 
of conversion. 
It is known that Wootz, or Indian steel, as well as cast steel 
made from Dannemora iron, is particularly adapted for cutting 
instruments which require an extremely sharp fine edge ; but 
for purposes in which great tenacity is required, without 
a particularly fine grain, where the steel is required to be 
welded at an elevated degree of heat and in large masses, the 
celebrated Russian CCND iron is far preferable, containing 
besides a large quantity of silicon and manganese, also a large 
quantity of phosphorus. 
To the presence of sulphur as well as arsenic is generally 
ascribed the property of the iron being red-short, and the 
sulphur particularly has in this respect a bad reputation. 
Karsten declares that even the presence of 0*03375 part of 
sulphur is capable of making the iron totally unfit for use in 
a red heat, because he caused sulphate of lime or gypsum to 
be melted down with iron ore in a blast furnace, and found the 
iron prepared from it perfectly red-short, containing only the 
small quantity of sulphur just mentioned. But he did not in- 
vestigate the other contents of the red-short cast iron, which in 
such case contains always calcium or sulphuret of calcium in 
its composition as well as sulphuret of silicon. If such a small 
quantity of sulphur as Karsten mentions, would make iron 
red-short, no malleable iron at all could be produced by means 
of pit-coal, as even the softest and best English iron invariably 
