578 Dr. Schafhaeutl on the Different Species of 
Ingredients. 
Gray 
French 
Iron. 
White 
Welsh 
Iron. 
Iron 
from 
Creuzot. 
Iron (a). 
h. 
c. 
d. 
Steel. 
Carbon and Azote 
3-412 
5-3920 
2-086 
6-5000 
5-2696 
4-02 
3-5190 
1-7265 
Silicon 
0-138 
*1-008 
0-702 
0-4804 
0-4804 
0-23 
0-4804 
0-2740 
Last residuums after ignition and extraction by acids. 
Carbon, Hydrogen 
and Oxygen 
3-700 
3-276 
(3-580) 
4-7600 
3-811 
0-912 
2-9754 
0-3230 
Silicon 
4-812 
gray. 
1-009 
gray. 
i-ooo' 
gray. 
1-8500 
2-006 
0-473 
2-8671 
0-5191 
We here see the combination of carbon with silicon, the 
quantity of which is almost always constant. If we further 
consider the different relations of the numbers in the above 
tables, we find that the white irons [a) (b) {c) [d) are charac- 
terized very distinctly by the different proportions of carbon 
and silicon. Specimen (c) was very difficult to treat in the 
refining furnace, as well as in the puddling oven, and was of a 
large roundish grain, silver white, and contracting very much 
during the process of cooling. Specimen [d) was almost in- 
fusible in the refining as well as the puddling fires, and pro- 
ducing an iron red-short as well as cold-short, which would 
not weld under any circumstances. The quantities of sul- 
phur and arsenic cannot be the cause of these singularities, 
as both ingredients are found in a less proportion in [c) 
and {d) than in the specimens [a) and (5). The silicon 
alone is predominant in the last specimen ; but if we com- 
pare its quantity of silicon with that contained in the first 
analysed gray iron from Vienne, we find it there in twice as 
great a proportion. Nevertheless the iron ran as liquid as 
water. The real cause of the difference in quality of those 
two last specimens must therefore be sought for in the differ- 
ent proportions of carbon and silicon combined, and, in reality, 
the tables show us, that the quantities of silicon in relation to 
the carbon increase in proportion as the different specimens 
become less and less fusible. It therefore naturally follows, 
that the more carbon becomes combined with silicon, the less 
carbon will be combined with the iron, and consequently our 
residuums will show the property of becoming ignited by a 
low degree of heat, and, in fact, the residuum of the last 
* If we compare the silicon left by chlorine in the white Welsh iron, 
we find it equal to the actual determined quantity of silicon. In all other 
specimens the chlorine had carried away all or a great part of the silicon, 
viz. where it was combined with the iron, as in the cast iron from Vienne. 
But in this specimen only almost the whole of the silicon seemed to be 
combined with carbon^ on which combination chlorine never acts. 
