2 
Philippine Journal of Science 
1920 
intestinal animal parasites. On reviewing our results and con- 
clusions, we believe that we have at least been partly successful 
and that we have developed some suggestive matter. 
At this time we desire to express our gratitude to Prof. Jose 
Albert, chief of the department of pediatrics of the Philippine 
General Hospital, and a leader in the movement to reduce infant 
mortality among the Filipinos, who has freely placed the patients 
on his service at our disposal, and who has in other ways aided 
and encouraged the work. 
Of the one hundred children who remained under our control 
sufficiently long to admit of a thorough examination of their 
feeces, 92 per cent were found to be parasitized. This is 3 per 
cent under the number reported in 1909 by Garrison and 
Llamas (23) in their examination of the stools of one hundred 
fifty-eight Manila children, but sufficiently high to warrant en- 
dorsement of the statement by Garrison in 1908 “ that — 
The population of the Philippines presents a higher percentage of 
infection with intestinal worms than has ever been definitely reported 
from any other people and the condition is essentially a chronic one, the 
results of which manifest themselves indirectly in the general physical 
impoverishment of the people and the high rate of morbidity and mortality 
accredited to other diseases. 
If there is any one point that has been made clear by this 
brief study, it is the need for careful investigation of the effects 
produced by each parasite we have found. We have studied 
cases in which we have found as many as six species of para- 
sites — multiple parasitism has been exceedingly frequent. In 
the presence of such an array of infesting organisms, showing 
such a variety of conduct as to mode of life and nutrition, it is 
exceedingly difficult to analyze cases with respect to the effects 
produced by the individual parasites. 
Another striking point is the absence of infections with obli- 
gatory tissue parasites, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Balan- 
tidium colij no case of infection with either having been en- 
countered in our series. Furthermore, Professor Albert informs 
us that in his practice he has rarely encountered entamoebiasis 
’Philip. Journ. Sci. § B 3 (1908) 73. 
° We apply the term “obligatory tissue parasite” to Balantidium coli 
with a mental reservation. We are of the opinion that Balantidium is 
rather closely adapted to tissue parasitism, but the fact that the motile 
forms are frequently found in cases exhibiting no symptoms of colitis implies 
that it may be capable of living in the lumen of the intestine and deriving 
its nourishment from the contents thereof over comparatively long periods 
of time. 
