214 
Philippine Journal of Science 
1920 
indiscriminately to various other species. The Visayans of Ne- 
gros recognize only two species ; these are Ranu moodiei, known 
under the name of panca bubungan, and Rana erythraea, known 
as panca-manwit. Among the Manobos of eastern Mindanao I 
found a greater number of specific names than elsewhere, no 
less than eight being in use. On the other hand, there appears 
to be no class or generic name for the group. The species des- 
ignated are : 
Species. 
Oxyglossus Ixvis 
Rana leytensis and Rana magna 
Rana grandocula 
Polypedates leucomystax 
Polypedates appendiculatus 
Comufer laticeps 
Staurois natator 
Kaloula conjuncta and Kalophrynus stellatus 
Manobo name. 
Ompo. 
Ambac. 
Cole catoc. 
All cd cd. 
Piong. 
Bag-boag. 
Antig. 
Coquat. 
I have made little use of local names in the discussions of 
species, owing to the fact that these names would be of little 
or no use in determining the species. 
ECONOMIC VALUE 
The economic value of this group is fairly large. Certain 
species are sold in the markets of the Islands, and large quan- 
tities that are caught and consumed by rural peoples are never 
taken to market. The catch represents a food value of probably 
more than half a million pesos annually. It seems highly prob- 
able that this sum might easily be doubled if frogs were cul- 
tivated for market and their skins utilized for leather. In 
Japan, France, and the United States quantities of skins of these 
animals are tanned and made into fine soft leather for use in 
the arts. It has been reported that: 
The skins of frogs and toads are used to a limited extent for leather 
purposes. Two or three factories in France pay much attention to tanning 
them, obtaining the raw skins from Northern Africa, Brazil and other 
tropical regions. 
The leather is thin and pliable. It possesses a delicate but not especially 
attractive grain and is used principally for card cases and other small fancy 
articles.^ 
In many places in the United States, France, and Japan there 
are large frog farms where frogs are raised for market. The 
farms are extremely profitable, the product bringing fancy prices 
in city markets. Usually only the hind legs are sold, and these 
Rep. U. S. Com. Fish and Fisheries (1902) 351. 
