THE FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF VICTORIA 
103 
Two or three of the latter, around the middle of the whorls 
of the spire and at the upper part of the last volution, become 
more or less tubercular on crossing the plicae.” 
Family VIVIPARIDAE. 
Genus VIVIPARA Lamarck, 1809. 
Vivipara lianleyi (Frauenfeld). 
(PI. I, Fig. 2.) 
1862 Paludina hanleyi Frauenfeld, Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wein., xii, 
p. 612. 
1864 P. intermedia Hanley. Reeve, Conch. Icon., xiv, pi. 9, fig. 57. 
1865 P. purpurea Martens, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3 ser., xvi, p. 428. 
1882 P. Hanleyi Frauen. Tate and Brazier, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vi, 
p. 561. 
1882 Vivipara intermedia Hanley. Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 
xvi, p. 264. 
1935 Notopala hanleyi Frauen. Cotton, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., v, no. 3, p. 
339, figs. \ 7 , 18 (in text). 
1935 Id., Cotton, Viet. Nat., lii, no. 6, p. 96, fig. 1 (in text). 
Size. — Length, 25 mm.; breadth, 20 mm. 
Localities. — Murray R. (Blandowski Coll., Nat. Mus., 
Melb.) ; Chaika Creek (A. S. Kenyon) ; Irymple (J. H. 
Young) ; Bannerton (A. C. Nilson) ;*Swan Hill. 
Vernacular name. — ^Hanley’s River Snail. 
Observations. — ^A solid, globose shell with a tendency to 
angulation towards the base. The periostracum is dark green 
to brownish and the operculum is horny and concentric. 
Smith, commenting on the genus Vivipara, remarks: “Two 
peculiarities are constant in all the Australian species of 
the genus. Every example that has come under my examina- 
tion exhibits spiral sculpture ; and in none of them are colour- 
bands found below the periphery.” 
V. hanleyi is no exception, the sculpture consisting of 
microscopic, granose lirae on the whole of the outer surface. 
For the reception of the Australian species exhibiting this 
character. Cotton erected the genus Notopala. This type of 
sculpture, however, is not confined to Australian forms; for 
instance, the North American V. angulata Lea and V. decesa 
Say have similar sculpture. Whilst retaining Vivipara, I 
think Cotton’s genus could be used subgenerically. 
The animal, which is ovoviparous, lives in mud below low- 
water mark, in freshwater rivers and lakes. It is common 
in the Lower Murray, where the shells are often found on 
sites of native camps. 
V. hanleyi (Frauenfeld) is the genotype of Notopala. 
