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and solids are applied so as to be taken into the stomach they are called 
stfmach poiso ns. Tobacco and nicotine are used chiefly as contact insecti- 
cTcles and fumigants, and very little as stomach poisons. 
Contact Insecticides 
Tobacco was first utilized ir. 1690 as an insecticide, a wash having 
been applied to pear trees in France to control the poar lacebug. Tobacco 
water and tobacco powder were recommended in 1763 as a remedy for plant lice 
in France, In acme cases tobacco dust .was used successfully in 1773 against 
apliids and the red spider in England, In 1800 tobacco was in common use as 
an insecticide in England, Tobacco dust was blown from a powder puff, such 
as hairdressers used, upon aphid- infested trees, or Scotch snuff was merely 
dusted upon the insects. Infested leaves were also dipped in a strong 
tobacco infusion. Tobacco was first used as an insecticide in America at 
Albany, N, Y,, in 1814, tobacco water having been applied against sucking 
insects. In the same year a force pump was employed to squirt a decoction 
upon caterpillars and a leaf roller in England. Tobacco juice was recom- 
mended In 1829 for the woolly aphid in England, Tobacco extract was first 
mentioned in 1859, nut in the 1880' s and 1890' s it was commonly referred 
to in the literature. The word "dip" was first mentioned in 1896, and 
later it was frequently used, 
Fumigants 
In 1773 tobacco was put in an iron pipe which was heated and the 
smoke from it was blown onto infested plants by the use of a bellows. 
Another type of' fumigating bellows was used and described in the same year. 
In 1800 a pair of bellows was used to force smoke under a tent which had 
been put over a nut tree infested with aphids. In 1828 a tent on wheels 
to go over a grapevine trellis was recommended in America, and in 1839 
growers were advised to burn paper saturated with tobacco extract under 
a tent stretched over poach and nectarine trees to kill aphids. In 1851 
a fumi gator which burned tobacco and ejected the smoko was invented. In 
1879 a specially constructed hood was invented and used in England, This 
was put over rose bushes infested with aphids, and tobacco smoke was con- 
ducted by pipes into the hood. In 1902 the Geneva fumigator was employed 
to fumigate aphids. 
Turning to the use of tobacco indoors, it was becoming the custom 
to use tobacco smoke in greenhouses as early as 1825, and in 1877 mention 
is found of putting tobacco juice on a hot metal plate in order to make 
a dense smoke in a box containing aphid- infested plants. In 1884 tobacco 
extract was put on the heating pipes in a greenhouse, and in 1895 red-hot 
bars and in 1897 hot bricks were used to vaporize the extract. The method 
of dropping the liquid on hot metal was the forerunner of the present 
aerosol method. The most common method of fumigating with tobacco, however, 
was to evo.porate the tobacco extracts in shallow vessels over charcoal, 
kerosene, or alcohol stoves. 
