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Stomach Poisons 
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Not until recently did writers discuss how nicotine affects insects, 
and consequently their papers do not mention nicotine or tobacco as stomach 
poisons. In 1911 it was observed that the ingestion of leaves treated with 
nicotine caused characteristic convulsions of flea beetle larvae, which 
died shortly afterward. Larvae of vine moths and beetles were partially 
co3itrolled in 1913 as a result of their eating nicotine-treated leaves. 
Nicotine was fed to honeybees in 1916, and the symptoms of poisoning were 
carefully studied for the first time. It was shox.n in 1932 that nicotine 
compounds acted slowly as stomach poisons against the walnut husk fly 
(R hago letis suavi s ( O.S . ) ) . 
II. REPELLENTS, OR DETERRENTS 
Repellents are not really insecticides, but since they repel insects 
or deter them from doing damage, their effects and those of insecticides 
are. usually discussed together. Tobacco, because of its strong, penetrating 
odor, is considered an insect repellent, and as such was first used in 1734. 
III. KINDS OF NICOTINE PREPARATIONS 
In addition to the previously mentioned tobacco and nicotine prepara- 
tions there are about 80 more, and the history of nicotine as an insecticide 
after 1885 pertains mostly to them. In regard to most of them it will not 
be possible to give the exact dates in which they were first prepared and 
used, but the first dates to appear in the literature are those that should 
be no bed here. 
Nicotine Compounds 
From 1900 to 1934, 15 nicotine compounds or salts were prepared and 
used, and since 1934 several others have been added to the list, although 
these are not to be considered here. The 15, with the first dates which 
occur in the abstracts or could be found in notes and the original literature, 
are as follows: Nicotine sulfate (1900); acetate, lactate, nitrate, and 
trichloroacetatc (1913); resinate (1917); oleate, palmitate, and stearate 
(1918); tartrate (1919); salicylate (1927); caseinate (1929); tannate (1930); 
alginate (1931); and bentonite (1934). 
Proprietary Nicotine Preparations 
The list of proprietary preparations contains 63 trade names, both 
domestic and foreign, most of which were patented, and many of which seem 
to have been short-lived. These names did not represent 63 different 
preparations because one preparation occasionally had two names or one name 
v/as later substituted for another. Gold leaf Tobacco Extract (1885), which 
was apparently the first of the proprietary preparations, was later called 
Black Leaf Tobacco Extract. From 1885 to 1900, 12 other preparations, 
including some important dips, were put on the market. In 1892 the first 
standardized nicotine extract, called Rose Leaf, was placed on the market. 
