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Spi rea aphi d.- -This species, Aphis spiraecola Patch, also called the 
green cirrus aphid", is important economically because it infests citrus trees 
in Florida, It has been controlled with nicotine since 1924, Sprays con- 
taining 40^-percent nicotine sulfate and soap or sodium oleate were found 
successful against it, and a 3-percent nicotine dust was particularly recom- 
mended. 
Black cherry aphid. --Tobacco and nicotine have been" used as a control 
for the "black cherry aphid (Myzus ceras i (F, )) on cherry trees since 187'2, 
In Germany it was treated with a tobacco decoction and soap. In the United 
States the following were used: Black Leaf, Black Leaf 40, or other 40- 
percent nicotine with or without soap, lime-sulfur, or a miscible oil; a 50- 
pcrcont nicotine sulfate plus potassium oleatej Nicodust; and lime-nicotine 
dust. In Russia it was fumigated with tobacco dust or sprayed with a car- 
bolated tobacco emulsion. In Canada it was sprayed with 40-percent nicotine 
sulfate and limo-sulfur. In France it was treated with a nicotine-soap 
spray heated to 212° F. 
Other fruit aphids » — Aocordin g to the literature reviewed, many other 
species of fruit aphids have been successfully controlled with nicotine. 
These include 1 species on almond, 1 on banana, 2 on citrus, 6 on currant 
and gooseberry, 1 on fig, 2 or more on grape, 1 on loganberry, 6 on nuts, 
1 on. pear, 2 or 3 on plum, 3 on prune, 1 on raspberry, and 4 on strawberry. 
Bean aphid.— During the past decade the "bean aphid ( Aphis rumicis L. ) 
has become the standard insect for testing contact insecticides, as it is easily 
reared and is more easily kill eel than most aphids. Since 1915 it has been 
readily controlled with weak concentrations of nicotine. It infests a wide 
variety of plants, but the literature on nicotine mention's only the following: 
Beans, beets, tomatoes, artichokes, sorrels, chrysanthemums, Euonymus, and 
nasturtiums. This species has been treated in the United States, Canada, 
Russia, Denmark, Algiers, Italy, Czechoslovakia, England, Franco, and 
Cyprus. Against it the following have been used: Nicotine (40- and 50- 
percent); nicotine sulfate (25-, 30-, and 40-percent); nicotine resinate; 
nicotine ' oleate; nicotine with sodium oleate, potassium stearate, calcium 
caseinate, Penetrol, or soap; sulfur impregnated with 2 percent of nicotine 
sulfate; 5-percent Nicodust; 3-percent nicotine sulfate dust used at the 
rate of 40 pounds per acre; and almost perfect control on lima beans was 
obtained by one treatment with a 1,6-percent nicotine dust applied with a 
self-mixing power duster equipped with a canvas drag which covered the rows 
for 10 feet behind the duster. 
Cabbage and turnip aphids,— The cabbage aphid ( Brevicoryne brassica e 
(L.)) has boon controlled with nicotine since 1908 and has been treated in 
Australia, the United States, Hawaii, Italy, and Canada, Tobacco tea plus 
soap, carbolated tobacco extract plus sodium carbonate, Black Leaf, Nico- 
Fume, Black Leaf 40 with or without soap or miscible oil, tobacco dust, 
and nicotine dust have been used against it. 
The turnip aphid ( Hhopalosiphum pse udobrassicae (Davis)), also some- 
times called the false cabbage aphid, has been controlled with nicotine in 
the United States since 1915, 40-perccnt nicotine sulfate sprays and nico- 
tine dusts having been the most popular controls up to 1934, although more 
