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Pear thri ps. — This thrips, Taeniothrip s inconsequens (Uzel), has 
been controlled Toth nicotine since 1909* It was treated in the United 
States, Canada, and Norway. 
Othe r speci es of thrip s, — About 36 other species were treated with 
tobacco products, but there are only a few records regarding each of them. 
Nicotine v/as effective against most of these, including the grape thrips 
( Drepan othrips reuteri Uzel), Florida flower thrips ( Frankliniella cephalica 
(Crawf.~JT, bean thrips (Hu rco thrips f asciatus (Perg. )Tji " sugarbeet thrips , " 
rcd-banded thrips ( Selo no thrips rubrocinct us (Girard)), and citrus thrips 
( Scirto t hrips citri (Moult.)), but it had little value as a control for 
the gladiolus thrips ( T aeni o thri ps simplex (Morison)). 
IV. DIPT ERA 
Tobacco products were tried against numerous species of Diptera, and 
the use of nicotine gave a good decree of control but v/as not found practi- 
cal against parasites on cattle because of the toxicity of nicotine to the 
host. It v/as effective against the following: Cattle grubs, Hypoderma 
b o vi s^ (Deg.) and K. 1 in ea turn (De Vill.)j various species of mosquitoes; 
the pear midge ( Contarinia pyrivora (Riley) )j the chrysanthemum gall midge 
( D i a r t h r o n o my i a hypogae a Lowe ) ) j the boxwood leaf miner (Monarthro palp us 
buxi Lab. ) ; various species of mushroom flies belonging to the Mycetophilidae 
and Phoridae; and the spinach leaf miner ( Pegomya hyoscyami (Panz,)). 
V. HYMENOPTERA 
With regard to the Hymenoptera, the use of nicotine has been recom- 
mended as a control against only the sawflies, the larvae of which are slug- 
like insects. The following v/ere the species most commonly treated: Apple 
sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug), cherry fruit sawfly (K, cookei (Clarke)), 
and Neurotomy nemo ralis 1T.TT 
VI . CCLEOPTERA 
T©bs.eeo products were tried against numerous speeies of beetles 
belonging to many families, but nicotine was found effective against only 
a comparatively few species. These included several species of flea beetles 
in Europe, reported long before 1934, and two species of cucumber beetles 
in America, Nicotine is still used as one of the controls against the latter. 
VII. LEPIDOPTERA 
Grap ev ine moths . —According to the literature being summarized, the 
vine moths, Phalonia amb i guel la Kbn # ) and Polychr osis botrana (Schif f. ), 
which are serious pests in continental Europe and Northern Africa, were first 
tested with nicotine in 1870. Prior to 1915 the use of nicotine v/as the 
recommended control against both generations of moths, but by 1917 tobacco 
products were ■ too costly and almost unobtainable because of the First World 
War, and it became necessary to find a cheap and effective insecticide. By 
1925 the use of lead arsenate had become the recommended control against 
the first generation of these moths while nicotine v/as still used against 
the second generation. 
