15 
Codl ing moth ,. — Nicotine was first tried in 1897 against the codling 
moth (Carpocapsa pomonella (L. ) ) , which' is a serious post wherever apple 
trees are grown. From this year up to October 1934, inclusive, 133 abstracts 
in Circular E-392 pertain to the use of nicotine against this moth, although 
the nicotine was often usod in an arsenical s"pray mixture primarily to con- 
trol aphids or certain bugs. In 1916 nicotine sulfate was reported in 
Washington State to have been as efficient as lead arsenate. This report 
caused considerable experimental work to be done during the next 12 years. 
In 1928 the Washington entomologists still claimed that nicotine sulfate could 
be used as a substitute for lead arsenate in the second and third cover sprays, 
although this combination' was somewhat less effective. 
Nicotine in combination with oil emulsion was apparently first tried 
against the codling moth in 1928, There are 70 abstracts which discuss this 
combination. It was generally agreed that nicotine sulfate coiabined v/ith 
mineral-oil emulsion was a good substitute for lead arsenate. The following 
statements give some of the details: In 1929 and 1930 this combination proved 
as effective as the arsenate. The combination of oi 1 (1 to 100) and nico- 
tine sulfate (l/2 pint to 100 gallons) gave a control of the codling moth 
equal to that of 1 pound of lead arsenate to 50 gallons of water. In 1931 
reports from nine investigators were compared. Some said that the oil- 
nicotine combination gave results equal to those obtained with lead arsenate, 
while others did not get such good results. It was as effective as the 
arsenate in preventing entry into the fruit and was decidedly more effective 
than the arsenate in preventing "stings," In 1932 the nicotine-oil spray 
combined both ovicidal and larvicidal properties for the codling moth and 
also controlled aphids and mites. This combination, used for several years 
in the late cover sprays, always gave excellent results which were approxi- 
mately equal to those of lead arsenate. In 1953 the trend of results 
slightly favored lead arsenate. In 1934 the consensus of opinion was that 
lead arsenate was superior, but nicotine-oil was very close to it and was 
the most promising substitute. 
There is 1 abstract about nicotine bentonite, 2 about nicotine dust, 
3 about nicotine oleate, and 25 about nicotine tannate. The last gave 
extremely variable results, ranging from no good or not satisfactory to 
better than lead arsenate for use against the codling moth. 
Other moths, — Nicotine was tried against other moths and it was 
effective against" many of them but was rarely recommended as a control 
because there were usually other better and more economical insecticides, 
VIII. ACAEINA 
. Red spider s, — The common red spiders (Tetranychus spp,) have been con- 
trolled since 1898 with nicotine combined with other materials such as oil, 
strong soap, or lime-sulfur. They were treated in Germany, Switzerland, 
Bohemia, Australia, the United States, Argentina, England, Canada, Russia, 
and Italy, 
European redjriite. — This species, Pa rate trar.ychus pilosus (C. & F.), 
was successfully treated in most instances with nicotine in Sweden, Denmark, 
the United States, and England, but the nicotine was added to other materials. 
