PREVIOUS WORK WITH INSECT PARASITES. 
43 
Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria. As a result of the trip 
following this authorization, Mr. Froggatt has published a report on 
parasitic and injurious insects, issued in 1909, in which he considers, 
(1) the commercial value of introduced parasites to deal with insects 
that are pests; (2) the range and spread of fruit-flies, and the methods 
adopted in other countries to check them; (3) the value of parasites 
in exterminating fruit-Hies: (4) the habits of cosmopolitan insect 
pests. On his journey, which began the end of June, 1907, Mr. 
Froggatt visited Hawaii, the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, 
Barbados, England, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, 
Cyprus (spending a day in Smyrna and two days at Beirut on the 
way), Egypt, India, Ceylon, and thence to Australia, stopping in 
Western Australia before his return to Sydney. In the course of 
this trip Mr. Froggatt not only studied the question of parasites and 
of economic entomology in general, but looked into a large number 
of matters of agricultural interest, and has given a report which 
can not fail to be interesting to every one occupied with any branch 
of agriculture. 
With regard to the practical handling of parasites, and especially 
international work, lie i> inclined t«> be rigidly critical. Sis motive 
obviously was to look everywhere for accomplished results and 
where he could not find these to distinctly state the fact. lie depre- 
cates all claims that are not or have not been justified by practical 
results of value. Thus, while admitting the good work of the intro- 
duced parasites of the sugar-cane leafhoppei in Hawaii, he states 
that the advocates of the parasite system do not take into account 
the alteration of methods of cultivation which occurred about the 
same time, namely, the burning of the refuse (probably containing 
many eggs and larva 4 ) instead of burying it as formerly, and the 
introduction of new varieties of cane more resistant to the leaf- 
hoppers. In California, he admits the value of the introduction of 
the Australian ladybird, but states that his observations show that 
no good has followed the introduction of the codling-moth parasite 
from Spain, although it had been claimed previously that this parasite 
would prove a perfect remedy for the apple pest, and pointing out 
that when lie visited Spain he found that a very large percentage of 
the apple crop is always infested by the codling moth. He states 
that the promises of the advocates of the parasite method in Cali- 
fornia have not been fulfilled; that Western Australian claims that 
staphylinid beetles destroy the majority of the fruit-fly maggots in 
Brazil, and that nature's forces in that country control the destruc- 
tive fruit flies are to be contrasted with the statement of the South 
African entomologists that only a few months after the visit of the 
W"est Australian entomologist to Brazil they found that "all along 
the Brazilian coast it was difficult to obtain a fruit that had not been 
