82 
PAEASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. 
the host, which are also attached ventrally to the bark of the tree, 
and as numerous caterpillars die in a restricted area a mass of Apan- 
teles cocoons, often of considerable thickness, is formed. Such 
masses standing out as white patches against the dark tree trunks on 
which they rest may be seen for considerable distances. Cocoons of 
Apantales sol'darius were also observed in the forest of Mechnigori, 
but were comparatively rare, so this species evidently did not repre- 
sent a very important element in the control of the gipsy moth. 
In the forested areas about Kief the caterpillars of the brown-tail 
moth were rarely met with, but in several of the parks on the out- 
skirts of the city they were found in abundance. In the grounds of 
the military school a large number of magnificent oak trees were 
almost denuded of foliage, and some of the other deciduous trees and 
shrubs, such as poplars, rose bushes, and Crataegus, were severely 
damaged. The usual brown-tail parasites were found at work, the 
most effective being Meteorus. Almost every branch of the injured 
trees bore the suspended cocoons of this parasite. Tachinids were 
also active, so it was obvious that very few of the caterpillars would 
reach maturity. 
On departing from Kief on July 9 the season was practically over, 
and gipsy moths were in flight. 
Returning to Bendery, it was found that the season was over so far 
as Apantales sol'darius was concerned, but large numbers of tachinid 
puparia were in evidence. As many as possible of these were assem- 
bled and shipped to America. The chrysalides of the gipsy moth 
were also forwarded in considerable numbers in the hope of securing 
pupal parasites. 
These lines of work were continued till July 16, by which time the 
season was so advanced that the moths were beginning to deposit their 
eggs for the succeeding season. From the abundance of moths in 
flight it was obvious that unless the natural parasites multiplied suf- 
ficiently to control the situation the region would experience another 
visitation of the same character during the following year. 
Leaving Bendery on July 16, the writer returned to Paris via 
Odessa, Constantinople, and Naples, arriving in New York August 28. 
Owing to various unforeseen conditions, and principally owing to 
the deficient transportation facilities, the material received as the 
result of Prof. Kincaid's expedition proved to be unsatisfactory on 
the whole. 
In May and June, 1910, the senior author went to Europe once 
more, visited agents and officials in Italy and France, and, through 
the courtesy of the Spanish and Portuguese Governments, was able 
to start new official services in each of these countries for the collec- 
tion and sending of parasitized gipsy-moth larvae to the United 
States. In Italy Prof. Silvestri at Portici and Dr. Berlese at Flor- 
ence were visited and informed as to the latest ideas of the laboratory 
regarding methods of shipment. In Spain Prof. Leandro Navarro, 
of the Phytopathological Station at Madrid, volunteered his services 
with the approval of the minister of agriculture. In Portugal Senhor 
Alfredo Carlos Lecocq, director of agriculture, placed the visitor in 
relation with Prof. A. V. de Seabra, of the Phytopathological Station 
