172 
PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWX-TAlL MOTHS. 
removed from host egg is well represented by figure 14, and the 
pupa by figure 15. This latter is very beautifully colored, the 
creamy ground color being set off by darker abdominal bands and 
wing covers, and by the delicately tinted reddish eyes. 
It was soon demonstrated by a careful study of the European 
eggs that no other parasite and no secondaries were present. These 
eggs were therefore kept in confinement until after the caterpillars 
had all hatched in the spring. Then those which remained were 
examined, and the number which contained parasites carefully esti- 
mated, and found to be about 80,000, nearly all of which were con- 
tained in a very large shipment received during the winter through 
Prof. Jablonowski, and collected from various Hungarian localities. 
The Japanese eggs, which contained numerous secondary parasites 
as well as Anastatus, were all carefully rubbed clear of their hairy 
covering, and those which contained Anastatus larvae (PI. XI, fig. 2) 
carefully and painstakingly picked out by hand, one by one. In 
this manner enough to make a total of nearly 90,000 of the para- 
sites were secured. 
'One exceedingly important characteristic of the parasite was not 
considered with sufficient attention at a time when this might 
have been done. Several observations upon the activities of the 
females in the summer of 1908 had led the observer to question their 
ability to fly ; but when several of them were placed upon a large 
sheet of paper and stirred into action, they disappeared with suffi- 
cient celerity to banish any doubts which may have been entertained. 
In considering these crude experiments in retrospect and in the light 
of subsequent developments, it would appear that their jumping 
abilities were rather underestimated, because it is now certain that 
they are either unwilling or else, like the female of their host, are 
unable to fly. 
A most careful examination of egg masses in the vicinity of the 
locality where the colony of about 500 had been liberated the summer 
before had failed to discover the presence of parasitized eggs. It is 
now known that this was due to the accident of placing this colony 
in a locality where the gipsy-moth "wilt 7 ' disease proved later to be 
so destructive as t<> kill all the pupae which were present when the 
firsl of the parasites were liberated, and which it was then thought 
would produce moths enough to deposit a sufficiency of eggs for 
attack. As a result of tins extreme percentage of pupal mortality, 
there were practically no eggs within a radius of several hundred 
feet. 
The cause of failure not being apparent, it was guessed that it 
might be due to the extremely rapid rate of dispersion rather than to 
the reverse', and to provide against loss through too rapid dispersion 
at first, very large colonies were decide* I upon as most advisable. 
