PARASITES OF GIPSY-MOTH CATERPILLARS. 
195 
ered to be different from the European. Absolutely no differences in life and habit 
which mn serve to separate the two are known, and. as the adults are also indistin- 
guishable in appearance, they are considered to be identical. 
It has been the subject of frequent mention under the name of Apanteles, as well as 
of Glyptapanteles, in the various reports of the (superintendent of moth work, from 
the first to the fourth; and Dr. Howard, in the account of his first trip to Europe in the 
interests of parasite introduction, tells of its occurrence in the suburbs of Vienna. 
Largely on aeoountof the fact that it is much more conspicuous than many of the other 
parasites, it has attracted more genera! attention. The Rev. H. A. Loomis. a mis- 
sionary, and resident of Yokohama, was the first to call attention to its importance in 
Japan, and made several unsuccessful attempts t<» send it to America. Dr. G. P. 
Clinton, mycologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, who visited 
Japan in 1909, observed the parasite at 
work, and reported most favorably upon 
its efficiency as a check to the moth. Nu- 
merous other attempts on the pari of Euro- 
pean and Japanese entomologists, including 
one elaborate experiment which involved 
the shipment of a large wire-screened eau'o 
containing a living tree with pipsy caterpil- 
lars and the parasite, wen- made, but with 
uniformly ill success. 1'pon every occasion 
the parasites all emerged from their eoeo<ms 
and died en route. 
When every other means failed. Prof. 
Kineaid. as already stated, was deputed to 
visit Japan, and to make all necessary ar- 
rangements for the transportation of the 
parasite cocoons in cold storage to America. 
The ftrnUDgementfl which he perfected pro- 
vided tor continuous cold storage, not only 
en route across the Pacific, but during 
practically every moment from the time 
the cocoons were collected in the field in 
Japan until they were received at the 
laboratory in Melrose. Events justified the 
adoption of every precaution, and, with all 
the care, only a small part of the very largo 
quantity of cocoons which he collected 
reached their destination in good condition. 
Hundreds of thousands were collected and 
shipped, and less than 50,000 were received 
alive — nearly all in one shipment in July. 
The season in Massachusetts was early, 
and nearly all of the gipsy caterpillars had 
pupated by that time, so that there was no opportunity for the parasite t<> increase in 
the field upon this host that season. In 1909 the sites of the colonies we re frequently 
visited, but not a single parasitized caterpillar was found which could he traced to 
colonizations of the year before. Keen disappointment was at first felt, but later 
developments have tended to throw a more encouraging light upon the situation. 
In 1909 importations were continued, through the magnificent efforts of Prof. S. I. 
Kuwana, of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station at Tokio, with much more 
satisfactory results. In 1908 the season in Japan was very late, and it was not practi- 
Fig. M.—Apantchsfuli ipts: Cocoons surround- 
ing dead gipsy-moth caterpillar. Slightly en- 
larged. (Original.) 
