PARASITES OF GIPSY-MOTH PUPi. 
241 
Chalets mimUa L. Parasite upon sarcophagids associated with the 
gipsy moth in Europe. Since the status of the sarcophagids them- 
selves remains to he determined, it is impossible to state that of the 
Chalcis. It is believed that the sarcophagids are scavengers, and 
neutral, in winch case the Chalcis would also be neutral. 
Chalcis fonscolombei Duf. Also a parasite of sarcopnagids asso- 
ciated with the gipsy moth in Europe. 
Chalcis paraphsia Crawf. Parasite upon sarcophagids associated 
with the gipsy moth in Japan. 
It is thus seen that the genus Chalcis is a little of everything in 
its relations to the gipsy moth. Of the 8 species, 3 are enemies. 
2 are friends, and 3 are undertaker's assistants. To round out the 
series, one may expect t<» find a Bpecies attacking tachinids in Europe, 
1 attacking the gipsy-moth pupae as a primary parasite, and another 
attacking sarcophagid puparia in America. 
So far as known tachinids are Dover attacked by the species which 
prey upon the sarco- 
phagids, although this 
stat em en t prosup- 
posesa discriminating 
instinct which has 
rarely been encoun- 
tered among the par- 
asites of the Diptera 
generally. For the 
most part, and in fact 
with no ot her excep- 
tion, so far as t ho ex- 
periences of the lab- 
oratory havogone. the 
parasites which will 
attack the one will attack the other family also. There are several 
records, including that already mentioned which was made in I'M).", 
of the rearing of Chalcis from tachinid puparia, but these have either 
been made before a distinction was made between the puparia of 
the two families, or else there have been a large number of mixed 
tachinid puparia involved, and in such instances it is always possible 
and usually the case that a few sarcophagids are present. 
As parasites of the gipsy-moth pupa?, Chalcis Jlavipes and C. 
obscurata are closely allied, and exceedingly similar in every respect. 
Chalcis Jlavipes (figs. 44, 45) appears to be rather restricted in its 
range in Europe and has never been received from any localities 
outside of the watershed of the Mediterranean, if an exception is 
made of the portion of southern France which drains into the Atlantic. 
The Japanese C. obscurata (fig. 46) has been present in every ship- 
00077°— Hull. 01 — 11 10 
Fig. 44.— Chalcis Jlai tptK A<Iult. Enlarged. (From Howard.) 
