38 
Its only know II food ])laiit is a])])l(\ 
Pupa. — Wlit'ii jMipMtin'i; it iiuikes white coojmhis in the earth, consist- 
\uyi of a (hnible layer, the outer bein*? like a nioscinito wet, but the inner 
bciii^^ iiiiich as usual. It {generally varies in shai)e from oblon<^ to 
spin<lh' form. nit'MSurinjr 0-7""" in Icnj^^th, 3""' in brea<lth. It always 
])n)iates in tiie earth, wherever it is i>ossible to do so; but when the 
apples are packed in a box it ])Upates in it, and then it is carried any 
distiincc, hibernatin«i in this state. It l)rceds once in a year, unlike tiie 
c(Mllin«; moth, the latter beinji" two nr more brooded in our country. 
I'rt rcntirc imiJiotl. —In late autumn tlie ground under the affected tree 
should be thoroughly disturbed so as to e.\i)ose the cocoon to the thaw- 
ing and freezing action of the weather. As injured apjdes fall easily, 
a sliglit Jariing will bring them down, ahnost all of them with insects 
in them, and these must be collected before the insects make way into 
the ground. Tiie same precaution should be taken with tlie fruits which 
have fallen from a wind. All these fallen fruits should be kept in a 
strong 1)()\ with a tight cover, leaving no opening or crevice; and these 
ma> be kept for family use, as they are alway sweeter than healthy ones, 
but they will not do for storing i)urp()ses. Such fruits as are not i)er- 
fectly rii>e are of use as food for swine, etc. Lump sugar is of no value, 
but Idock sugar in *SVf/.r solution, kej)t in a large-mouthed bottle jdaced 
upon a stand or hung from a branch, is available at night, but in daj'- 
time the bottle should be kept closed, because the beneficial insects, 
as ai>hidivorous flies (Syrphus. Paragus, l^ipiza, etc.). seek the sac 
charine solution and may be drowned in it. The moths come late 
in June or early in July, when apples grow about one inch in diame- 
ter, so 1 doubt whether London i)uri)le, Paris green, lead arsenate, 
arsenious acid, etc., are safe to use or not; perhaps a certain portion 
of the poivson used may remain to the timeof rii)ening, and may become 
dangerous. Kerosene emulsion, benzole, nitrobenzole, or (^>uiebeirs 
insecticide, etc., may be available, but 1 have not yet tried any of 
tlu'in. Imported apples should be very carefully examined and also 
the boxes in which they are carried, as the larva* often i)upate in a 
corner or crevice. 
PEAR FRIIT IJORKR. 
{Xvphopicnjx riihri:on< lla l\a«j:.) 
There aic two species of Japanese i)ear borers, and the sj^ecies under 
consideration is muvM large)- than the other. In 1881> the smaller sju'cies 
(which is not yet named) was described by Mr. S. lkeda,of the Agri- 
cultural College of Tokyo, in the Zoological ^Fagazim^ (Tokyo, Vol. 
I, ]). 1M>); but its life history was not known clearly at that time. By 
this larger borer our pear growers have been losing every year 30 to 
50 ])er cent of their crops, it being a much more troublesome insect 
than the apjjle borer I have elsewhere described, l^ntomologically it 
belongs to the family Phycitida', and its generic and specific names 
were kindly given me by Dr. W. .L Holhmd. of l*ittsburg, through the 
kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard. 
