46 BEPOET 4, UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
The false feet or prolegs, Plate VI, Fig. 2, of which there are five pairs, 
the first pair considerably smaller than any of the others, as is well 
known, differ entirely from the true, anterior or permanent legs. They 
are thicker, cylindrical, and one-jointed ; they have a few long hairs, and 
are armed with a row of a dozen and a half curved hooks. The hooks 
turn towards the median line of the body ; they diminish in size from the 
center of the row towards each end. Each hook consists of a more 
cylindrical, large basal portion, which appears to be chiefly imbedded 
in the flesh of the foot, and a recurved hook proper, Plate I, Fig. 3, 
which has a very thick cuticula. There is also a pigmented pad, which 
lies over the base of each hook on the inside of the foot. We could find 
no certain evidence of a second row of hooks such as have been de- 
scribed in many caterpillars, though possibly there are very small claws 
on the pigmented pads above described. 
The markings, colored stripes and dots, that decorate the larva, are 
produced by various means, partly by deposits in the matrix of the 
crust (epidermal cells), partly by colors of the crust itself. The dark- 
brown color belongs to the crust, and is peculiarly distributed in a man- 
ner that has not, so far as we are aware, been described hitherto. Upon 
the outside of the crust is a very thin but distinct layer, which in cer- 
tain parts rises up into a great number of minute, pointed spines that 
look like so many dots in a surface view, Plate VI, Fig. 8. Each spine is 
pigmented diffusely, and together they produce the brown markings. 
The spines are clustered in little groups, one group over each underly- 
ing matrix, or epidermal cell. 
The stigmata of the larvae are small vertical fissures on the sides of 
the segments. The first, fourth, and subsequent segments have each a 
pair, making nine in all ; there are none on the second and third rings. 
Viewed from the surface they are seen to be provided with an anterior 
lip, which is simple, and a posterior lip, which bears a projecting lever. 
Both these lie quite deep down and serve to close the trachea. Above 
each lip are several rows of hairs that are short, branching, and spiue- 
like. The stigmata form the subject of a recent excellent memoir by 
Oskar Krancher,* a pupil of Rudolph Leuckart, the distinguished pro- 
fessor of zoology at Leipzig. On pages 543-5-4(3 of this essay the stig- 
mata of caterpillars are fully described. According to Krancher, the 
lever bearing, or posterior, lip is more developed than the anterior. 
(The former was named by Landois the Yerschliissbiigel, the latter the 
Yer8chlus8band ; but these names are not specially appropriate, aud we 
prefer to use anterior aud posterior lip instead.) The lever arises from 
the upper end of the posterior lip. In most of the diurnal lepidoptera 
it is a simple chitinous rod, but in some of the Bombyeidse it is more 
complicated. Attached to the lever is a double muscle; one part, run- 
ning to the lower end of the lever-bearing lip, serves to approximate 
* Oskar Krancher. Der Ban derStigmenbei den Inaekten. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, XXXV, 1881, 
pp. 605-575, Taf. XXVKI-XXIX. 
