70 REPORT 4, UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
Of these, the first occupies the region nearer the coast, the second 
forming a sort of transition to the oak uplands of the Paleozoic forma- 
tions, while the third appears in detached bodies in the long-leaf pine 
region. 
a. Long-leaf pine hills and flats. — As is indicated by the name, the long- 
leaf pine forms the prevailing, and in places the exclusive, timber over 
this whole region. It is associated with black-jack and post oaks and 
occasionally with the short-leaf pine, which makes its appearance wher- 
ever there is a slight improvement in the quality of the soil. 
In the vicinity of the coasts the surface is nearly level, or at most 
gently undulating, rising northward and inland into a somewhat bro- 
ken and hilly country upon which the pine is always the characteristic 
growth. Along the coasts the Cuban pine also is common. 
The soil is mostly a very light sandy loam of little fertility or dura- 
bility. The cultivated lands are generally confined to the creek bottoms 
and other low-lying lands, though some of the uplands, especially where 
there is a mixture of the upland oaks and hickories among the trees, are 
plauted in cotton, and with success, particularly where commercial fer- 
tilizers are used. 
The open pine woods support a fine growth of nutritious grasses and 
leguminous plants, and hence afford excellent pastures for cattle and 
sheep. 
These open forests have very little undergrowth on the rolling lands, 
but a dense growth of evergreens in the marshy depressions, and along 
the streams. 
The most common of these shrubs and trees are mentioned above, in 
the section treating of the forest growths. 
b. Oalc and hickory uplands icith long-leaf pine. — The region in which 
the long-leaf pine with black-jack, post, and high-ground willow oaks 
form the timber is interspersed with tracts more or less extensive, in 
which the other species of upland oaks are associated with the pine, 
and this association becomes almost universal in the upper districts, 
and has given occasion to the recognition of this region of mixed growth 
as a distinct agricultural subdivision. 
The surface is generally broken, and a red or yellow loam forms the 
top stratum of the drifted materials which, throughout the pine region, 
have been spread over the lower and older rocks. 
The soils vary from a tolerably fertile loam of brown to reddish colors 
in the best uplands to a sandy light loam in the poorer spots, and 
their distribution may be partly explained by the following consider- 
ations: 
The Paleozoic formations of the Cotton States are bordered towards 
the coasts with a belt of drifted materials consisting of sand, pebblegj 
and a red or brown loam. Of these materials the pebbles are mostly 
confined to the vicinity of this ancient shore line, except where they ap- 
