266 REPORT 4, UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
the others each about three more rows on either side. In the use of this 
and of all other pumps it is advisable to add a strainer to the lower end 
of the hose in order to prevent impurities from entering the valve. In 
an emergency, where no machines are at command, these fountain 
pumps do excellent service, and many prefer them to other means of 
applying the poison. They are, however, wasteful of material, and the 
poison is more apt to get on to the bodies of those employed in their 
use than in most of the other modes of sprinkling. 7 ' 
Three or four of these pumps may be operated in the same cart and 
from the same tank, and the vehicle can be driven very rapidly in cases 
of haste. Mr. P. Oalahan, of Selma, Ala., informs me he prepared 
rough carts with short axles, upon which he used his ordinary wagon 
wheels, and, driving on a rapid trot with the barrel of poison and fount- 
ain pumps on each, with occasional change for a fresh team, each curt 
poisoned forty acres per day. As set forth elsewhere, it is certainly a 
very considerable advantage to have less than four wheels to the vehi- 
cle, as it can then be turned shorter and driven quicker and with less 
damage than is possible with the ordinary lumber wagon. In this con- 
nection the reader will do well to notice the high legged wheels de- 
scribed in the elevated frames of machines in the following portion of 
this report. These same legged wheels apply equally well to carts, and 
so used will save more of the crop. 
By using the wheels from a wagon or any wheeled farm machine, a 
simple cart for conveying poisoning apparatus is easily constructed 
with a wooden or iron axle, or with legs for the wheels. It must be re- 
membered that shafts, if used in their ordinary position upon carts, 
place either the horse or the wheels upon the rows. If shafts are em- 
ployed they must be set to one side. This produces a side-draft uncom- 
fortable for the horse. Where a special axle is to be made it can be 
given length enough to cause the wheels to straddle a pair of rows ; tln.m 
the shafts and horse may be centrally placed over the intermediate row- 
interspace; but when an axle of usual length is taken it will generally 
be better to use a median tongue above the row and a span of horses 
ahead of the wheels ; and a tongue can generally be more easily found 
or made than a pair of shafts. 
Concerning the use of the " fountain-pump," we quote from the De- 
partment Keport " On Cotton Insects," 1879 : 
"The most practical way of applying wet poisons that has come under our observa- 
tion is by moans of a machine known as the fountain-pump. 
# # * # # • # 
" In using the fountain-pump, one man works the pump, another hand (often a wo- 
man) accompanies him and carries the bucket containing the mixture. Other hands 
keep these supplied with the poison. As some parts of the work are more tiresome 
than others, i lie hands are transferred from one part to another at intervals. The 
water is conveyed to and about the lields as far as possible in wagons. 
" It is estimated by those who have had much experience in applying poisons in this 
way, that where water is easily obtained, with one fonutain-pump and eight hands 
(three of whom may be women) 25 acres of cotton may be poisoned in one day. The 
