EXTOMOLOGY AND I'LANT QUAUANTINE 
43 
MORMON CRU KETS 
The most general aud severe infestation by the Mormon cricket in history 
occurred during the year. It included parts of Montana. Wyoming, Colorado, 
Utah. Nevada, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and small areas in North Dak(»ta aud 
South Dakota. A cooi>erative control campaign was made possible in Montana, 
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah. Oregon, and Washington by an allotment of funds 
from the Works Progress Administration. Labor and mo.st of the necessary 
supervision were provided under Federal funds. States and counties furnished 
most of the materials, mixing facilities, and transportation for crews and mate- 
rials. Control operations were conducted in Idaho and Nevada through inde- 
pendent State Works Progress Administration projects. The most extensive 
operations were carried on in Montana and Wyoming, where the infestation 
was most intense and widespread and where it threatened the most exten.sive 
cultivated areas. Mixing dry sodium arsenite with lime and applying it with 
hand or power dusters was the method most generally used for control. This 
dust was applied to cricket bands migrating to the cultivated areas and was 
used to clear graiutields of crickets which had hatched there or which had 
gained access to them through migration. Many miles of galvanized-iron fenc- 
ing, used effectively as barriers, directed the migrating bands into pits, where 
they were destroyed. Oiled irrigation canals were used to advantage as bar- 
riers to the migration where these were favorably located. Thousands of bush- 
els of crickets were destroyed in this way. Burners and poisoned baits were 
used to a limited degree but with indifferent results. In areas of most intense 
infestation all the facilities available were necessary merely to protect crops. 
At the end of the liscal year it was evident that to a large degree this object 
had been accomplished. Losses had been limited to from 10 to 15 percent where 
a tight was actively waged, whereas otherwise the heavily infested small grains 
would have been almost entirely destroyed. In some areas the crickets have 
been completely cleared out of the cultivated crbps and the migrating bands 
have been destroyed for some distance into the hills away from farms. Al- 
though the campaign is not yet completed and. as stated, it has necessarily been 
maintained primarily on a crop-protection basis, there is general agreement that 
it has resulted in a saving in crops valued at many times the cost of the cam- 
paign. 
ELTiOPEAX CORN BORER INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION 
Inspection and certification service to conform with the requirements of the 
State quarantines of Arizona. California. Colorado. Georgia. Louisiana, Nevada, 
Oregon. Texas, and Utah continued as previously organized. Following the sta- 
tioning of Japanese-beetle iu.^^peetors in West Virginia and Ohio, the only re- 
maining men working exclusively on European corn borer certification were the 
inspectors in Detroit and Indianapolis. The bulk of the inspection work was 
performed by men engaged in both Japanese beetle and European corn borer 
inspection, and. in the New England area, in gypsy moth certification as well. 
This year 19.781 certificates were issued to cover quarantined plant material, 
principally dahlia tubers, valued at S209.050. This compares inversely with last 
year's inspec'"ions involving issuance of 22.133 certificates to cover material 
valued at $165,293. 
BLACK STEM RUST QUARANTINE ENFORCEMENT 
The Federal quarantine relating to black stem rust is designed to prevent the 
shipping of rust-susceptible species of barberry and Mahonia into Colorado. 
Illinois. Indiana, Iowa. Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska. North Dakota, 
Ohio. South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, where the eradication of rust- 
spreading barberry bushes is carried on. Permits for shipping to these pro- 
tected States are issued for premises where, as determined by inspection, only 
rust-resistant species of these plants are grown. During the year such permits 
were issued to 23 nurserymen and 1 dealer. Transi' in.spectors intercepted, in 
the year, 13 shipments that had been consigned in apparent violation of the 
quarantine. 
BARBERRY ERADICATION 
For the past 25 years stem rust has caused annual losses in the United States 
averaging more than $27,000,000. During certain seasons, such as 1916 and 
1935, when weather particularly favored the development and spread of the 
fungus, damage in a single year has exceeded 100,000,000 bushels of grain. 
