36 ANM AL liKiMuns OF I )i:i'A u T.M i :.\T OF AGHicri/rnn:. 10.-^7 
III 1U:]G. 1(;7.4L'.'. cankers wcro nnioved in this manner fr<.ni T.'i.Ti:; white 
pines in^ the northeastern, southern Appalaeliian. and Lake States regions. 
Of the r»s().:ni tnt's examined in connection with canker elimination. 
wore found to he so far gone that tiiey coukl not he saved, and the trees were 
removed. i:mi)h)yment on the canker-elimination project totaled O.irjO man- 
days during the year. 
LABOR FOR BLISTER RUST CONTROL COMES LARGELY FROM RELIEF SOURCES 
The accomplishments outlined in this report include not only the work 
directly carried out and administered under allotments to the* liureau' of 
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, hut also the accomplishments of all co- 
operating agencies in white-pine hlister rust control. This liureau, through 
memoranda of agreements and otherwi.se, has recf»gnized leadership over 
the entire program and is responsihle for pine and disease surveys, checking 
the maintenance of efficient standards of Nihcs eradication, and similar 
matters with respect to such cooperating agencies, the degree of direct ad- 
ministrative responsihility varying in dilTerent cases. A considcra!»le i)ro- 
portion of the lahor cost is horne hy the agency administering the forest 
concerned, or l)y the State, county, or private owner of the land. 
Of the acreagv^s recorded ahove. 3.022.402 were covered during 1030 by eradi- 
cation crews paid under allotments from Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts 
of 10o5 and 1!)36 direct to the Fiureau of Eniomofogy and IMani Quarantine. 
The C. C. C, in addition, covered GSJ).347 acres, devoting 2s.").9r)4 elTective S-hour 
man-days to this purpose. The remaining acreage of 92.317 was financed by 
numerous other c(M)i)eratiiig agencies. One of the largest non-Federal cooi>era- 
tors was the State of Idaiio. which carried most of the expense of Ribrs eradi- 
<?ation on 11.133 acres of State-owned western white pine. 
In the case of the C. C. C, that part of the work which was carriecl on in 
the national forests was handled by camps assigned lo the Forest Service of 
this Department. The work in the national parks was undertaken by camps 
allotted to the National Park Service of the Deruirtment of the Interior. The 
work on private and State land was, in most cases, carried out by camps 
w^orking under the direction of the State forester, the Soil Conservation Servici\ 
or the Resettlement Administration. 
The use of relief lahor for white-pine blister inst control has proveil to be a 
highly desirable arrangement from many standpoims. It is vigorous, active 
outdoor work, carefully and continuously supervistnl. and has thus been highly 
beneficial to the morale, health, and physical well-being of the men concerned. 
Most of the laborers on Rihrs eradication have been obtained in the immediate 
localities in which the work was being done, and have thus lux-ome .familiar 
with blister rust and the methods of protecting pine stands against it. While 
laborers drawn from relief rolls do not cover the ground (piite as rapidly or 
efficiently as those who might be picked individually on accoinit of their energy 
and physical ability, it is probable that under no other conditions could the 
protection of such large areas of pine forests have been accomplished. The 
saving of this national-forest resource from a fate similar to that which de- 
stroyed the chestnut trees may thus be considered one of the important accom- 
plishments resulting from the relief program. 
PINE INFECTION SPREAD LITTLE IN 1936 
While h'ih('!< (>radication i)rotects the individual stands from which the cur- 
rant and gooseberry jtiants are removed, the blister rust, of course, continues to 
spread in unprotected areas, including those forested regions in which white 
pines are scattered and of little or no commercial value. The new areas reached 
by the disease can be determined by examining the leaves of currant and 
gooseberry jilants. 
In the N<»rlheast, blister rust infection is general t hrougli(»ut th(> whilt* pine 
rang<' in New l^iigland and .New York, the amount of disease varying consider- 
ably in ditTerem lo<alities. In Warren and Essex Counties. N. Y.. and in the 
upper Connecticut River Valley section fnun 10 to 9r> percent of the frees bear 
blister rust cankers in unprotected areas. Infection extends southward from 
New York State across Pennsylvania and New .Ter.vi'v to Maryland. Virgini;'. and 
W»'st Virginia. 
In M.aryland the dise.-ise seems n» have been i)r(>sent in Allegheny and (Jarrett 
Counties since 1!!24. and has now been fiMind in each county west of the Dis- 
trict of CoIuml)ia. In \ irginia the rust has hvcu found in 10 counties in the 
jiine belt, north of the center of the Stale, exct^pt Albermarle, OnuMie. Shenan- 
