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A. In Anatomy and Morphology — Continued. 
The shoot. Gross anatomy of a typical shoot, including the relationships of 
position of leaf, stem (and root), the arrangement of leaves and buds on the 
stem, and deviations (through light adjustment, etc ) from symmetry. 
Buds, and the mode of origin of new leaf and stem; winter buds in par- 
ticular. 
Specialized and metamorphosed shoots (stems and leaves). 
General structure and distribution of the leading tissues of the shoot; 
annual growth; shedding of bark and leaves. 
The root. Gross anatomy of a typical root; position and origin of secondary 
roots; hail- zone, cap, and growing point. Specialized and metamorphosed 
roots. General structure and distribution of the leading tissues of the root. 
The flower. Structure of atypical flower, especiallyof ovule and pollen; func- 
tions of the parts. Comparative morphological study of six or more different 
marked types, with the construction of transverse and longitudinal diagrams. 
The fruit. Structure of atypical fruit, especially with reference to changes from 
the flower, and from ovule to seeds. Comparative morphological study of six 
or more marked types, with diagrams. 
This comparative morphological study of flowers and fruits may advanta- 
geously be postponed to the end of II, and then taken up in connection 
with classification of the angiosperms. 
The cell. Cytoplasm, nucleus, sap cavity, wall. Adaptive modifications of 
walls, formation of tissues. 
As to the study of the cell, it is by no means to be postponed for considera- 
tion by itself after the other topics, as its position in the above outline may 
seem to imply, but it is to be brought in earlier along with the study of 
the shoot or root, and continued from topic to topic. Although enough 
study of the individual cell is to be made to give an idea of its structure 
(a study which may very advantageously be associated with the physio- 
logical topics mentioned first under 13), the principal microscopical work 
should consist in the recognition and study of the distribution of the lead- 
ing tissues. 
B. In Physiology. 
Role of water in the plant; absorption {osmosis), path of transfer, transpiration, 
turgidity and its mechanical value, plasmolysis. 
Photosynthesis; dependence of starch formation uj>on chlorophyll, light and carbon 
dioxid; evolution of oxygen, observation of starch grains. 
Respiration; necessity for oxygen ingrowth, evolution of carbon dioxid. 
Digestion; digestion, of starch with dins/ox,' and its role in translocation of foods. 
Irritability; geotropism, heliotropism, and hydrotropism; nature of stimulus and 
response. 
Growth; localization in higher plants; amount in germinating seeds and stems; 
relationships to temperature. 
Fertilization; sexual and vegetative reproduction. 
Although for convenience of reference, the physiological topics are here 
grouped together, they should by no means be studied by themselves and 
apart from anatomy and morphology. On the contrary, they should be 
taken up along with the study of the structures in which the processes 
occur, and which they help to explain; thus, photosynthesis should be 
studied with the leaf, as should also transpiration, while digestion may best 
come with germination, osmotic absorption with the root, and so on. The 
student should either try, or at least aid in trying, experiments to demon- 
strate the fundamental processes indicated above in italics. 
C. In Ecology. 
Modifications (metamorphoses) of parts for special functions. 
Dissemination. 
Cross-pollination. 
Light relations of green tissues; leaf mosaics. 
Plant societies; mesophytes, hydrophytes, halophytes, xerophytes; climbers, 
epiphytes, parasites (and saprophytes), insectivora. 
Plant associations and zonal distribution. 
The topics in ecology (particularly the first four and in part the fifth) like 
those iu physiology, are to be studied not by themselves, but. along with the 
structures with which they are most closely connected, as cross-pollination 
with the (lower, dissemination with the seed, etc. The fifth and sixth may 
most advantageously be studied with G in Part II. 
