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these experiments it will lie seen that any nurseryman can prevent the introduction 
of the San Jose scale into his plantings upon buds, grafts, and scions, by carefully 
fumigating before using them on his premises. 
It IS the custom in Ohio to examine the trees row by row in I he hi nailer nurseries, 
taking advantage of thedirection in which the sun is shining. A careful examination 
can not he made without inspecting the trees near t he ground, for it' any infested buds 
or grafts have been brought into the nursery the scale will he most abundant at the 
point where the budding or grafting took place. Inspection of nursery stock is a 
laborious task, and no man can become a successful inspector who is not willing to 
hend his hack or who is afraid that his clothes may become soiled from the contact 
with the dirt. Only a general inspection is made of seedling stock and 1-year-old 
grafts, which are to remain on the premises and are not to 1m- offered for sale. The 
next annual inspection of such stock is very thoroughly made in order to ascertain 
its condition. One of the greatest difficulties encountered in nursery inspection is in 
properly examining peach trees. These are rapid growers, and if the inspection is 
made early in the summer the tret s are usually well covered with foliage, so that it 
is very difficult to examine them closely. In cases where any suspicion is aroused 
that they may be infested a reexamination is made later in the season, after the trees 
have been trimmed. In the large nurseries, where it is impossible to make a row-by- 
row examination, the method followed is for the inspector to pass hack and forth 
across the blocks, examining the trees on either hand. It is customary to cross them 
at intervals of about 15 feet, and in this way all the varieties are examined. In ease 
any infested trees are found a tree-by-tree examination is made. 
Great care should bo taken to examine carefully the paekingand heeling-in grounds 
and the nursery premises, and special attention should be given to such surplus stock 
as is allowed to remain after the packing season is over. 
It is, however, beyond the realm of human ] ossibility for any man to say that a 
nursery is absolutely free from the San Jose scale, no matter how thoroughly the 
examination may have been made, and this is the principal defect in the" present 
system of nursery inspection. 
It is also well-nigh impossible to detect infestation with woolly aphis or infection 
by crown gall, as an examination of the roots is usually necessary; hence, nursery- 
men are instructed, under penalty of having their certificates revoked, not to ship 
trees having roots affected by these pests. 
Doubtless the methods thus far indicated are, in the main, used by all nursery 
inspectors; hence, very few r suggestions as to uniformity can be made. 
The system of keeping reports of inspection must vary with the local necessities, 
based on the judgment of the inspector in each State. Such reports should be made 
on blanks that can be filed systematically, so that the condition of any nursery can 
be easily determined. 
It is the policy of the majority of the States to accept an official certificate of inspec- 
tion from another State inspector at its face value. Several of the western States 
require that all stock which is shipped in shall be examined by the local inspectors 
before it is planted, and the Dominion of Canada has adopted the rule of fumigating 
all stock from without at certain specified points of entry. 
Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia have enacted laws providing that no stock from 
outside the State shall be delivered within their borders, unless it is accompanied 
with a valid certificate of inspection, together with an official tag issued by the State 
entomologist. This is an additional precaution designed to assure the State entomol- 
ogist that the certificate of an outside nurseryman is satisfactory before tags are 
issued allowing him to do business in the State. 
Several States require that all nonresident nurserymen shall secure a license before 
being allowed to transact business within their State, it being granted after the 
presentation of a satisfactory certificate of inspection and the payment of a definite 
fee. Some strong arguments are put forth "in favor of a tag system, and it has 
undoubtedly been of considerable value in the States where it is in use; still it would 
appear that the universal adoption of the system would be a source of confusion to 
the larger nurserymen who do business in many States, and it would make the situa- 
tion far more complex than it is at present. 
Owing to the fallibility of certificates of inspection, based on the fact that occasional 
infested shipments are received, several States have provided, either by legal enact- 
ments or by official regulations, that all stock received from outside nurseries must 
be fumigated before it is planted. 
This applies in Connecticut, Georgia, Michigan, New York, Idaho, and Utah. The 
last two require that an official certificate of fumigation shall be attached to each 
shipment. 
Properly conducted fumigation is a very satisfactory way of treating stock: the 
