BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 51 
sparse and dusting control is impractical, or even in areas of heavy 
population. 
At the end of the year more than 230,000 aero had been dusted with 
over 1,100,000 pounds of dust ; more than L0,000 acres had been baited : 
metal barrier had been set up for more than 300 miles; and n\^\- 
75,000 gallons of oil had been used on 4lC> mile- of streams and ditches. 
GRASSHOPPER CONTROL 
Grasshopper control has been carried on under Federal funds appro- 
priated for the control of incipient and emergency outbreaks of insect 
pests and plant diseases in cooperation with 24 Western States and 
with the aid of other Federal agencies, including the Civilian Con- 
servation Corps, the Soil Conservation Service, the Forest Service, 
the Indian Service, the Agriculture Adjustment Administration, the 
Biological Survey, and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. 
During the early part of the year control operation- for the 1938 
crop season were concluded. The infestation had been heavy and 
widespread, affecting all States but one west of the Mississippi River, 
as well as Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The success of the cam- 
paign was indicated by estimates, compiled by the States, of crop 
savings in excess of $176,000,000, or $79 worth of crops saved for each 
dollar spent on control. 
During the late summer and early fall of the 1938 crop season an 
adult grasshopper and ego - survey was conducted to determine the 
probable extent and degree of infestation to be expected during the 
subsequent season. Extensive, heavy concentrations of eggs were 
found in large areas in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain States, 
extending from Texas to Minnesota, inclusive, and less extensive areas 
in other Western States. From this information estimates were made 
of the probable quantities of bait materials needed for control in the 
following spring and summer. 
The surveys revealed heavy concentrations of eggs of two migrator}' 
>pecies of grasshoppers in the northern and southern Great Plains 
States. In the Dakotas. Montana, and Wyoming eggs of the lesser 
migratory grasshopper were found over broad areas of sparsely popu- 
lated idle and abandoned land in sufficient numbers to develop a serious 
outbreak unless natural control interfered. In southeastern Colorado, 
northeastern New Mexico, t he panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, and 
in a few counties in southwestern Kansas eggs of the long-winged 
migratory grasshopper (Dissosteira longivenrds (Thos.)) were ob- 
served in heavy concentration on range land. Widely distributed over 
the Great Plains and intermingled with the migratory species, rela- 
tively heavy concentrations of eggs of nonmigratory species were 
found. 
The threatening outbreak of migratory species necessitated an ex- 
pansion of the control program to provide for direct participation, by 
the Bureau and the States, in mixing and applying bait in sparsely 
-ettled areas where heavy ^<x<j[ concentrations were found on idle, 
abandoned, and range land. In areas where eggs of nonmigratory 
species were dominant or where migratory specie- were less prevalent. 
the former policy of purchasing, transporting, and delivering bait 
materials to county mixing station- for spreading by farmers for pro- 
