BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 37 
known infected area included 41 townships, towns, and boroughs. 
These were as follows: In Connecticut, the towns of Bridgeport, Dan- 
bury, Easton, Newtown, and Stratford mFairfieta town 
of North Branford in New Haven County; in New Jersey, the town- 
ship of Kingwood in Hunterdon County, and Ewing, Hamilton, and 
Lawrence in Mercer County; Howell, Marlboro, and Upper Freehold 
in Monmouth County; Stillwater in Sussex County; and Blairstown, 
Greenwich, Hardwick, and Knowlton Townships in Warren County; 
m New York, the towns of Clinton, LaGrange, Pawling, Pine Plains, 
Pleasant Valley, Stanford, Wappingers Falls, and Washington Hollow 
in Dutchess County: Greenville and Newburgh in Orange # County; 
Patterson in Putnam County; and Esopus and Saugerties in Ulster 
County: and in Pennsylvania, the townships of Bridgeton, Bucking- 
ham, Falls, Lower Makefield, Solebury, Tinicum, Upper Makefield, and 
Wrightstown in Bucks County; and the township of Upper Mount 
Bethel and the borough of West Easton in Northampton County. 
Expansion of the boundary of the infected zone to include all newly 
infected points added 1.730 square miles to the area, with a corre- 
sponding increase of 336 square miles in the 10-mile protective band. 
The major diseased area at the end of June comprised 493 square miles 
in Connecticut, 3.610 in New^ Jersey, 2,850 in New York, and 227 in 
Pennsylvania, a total of 7,180 square miles. The protective area in- 
cluded 758 square miles in Connecticut, 502 in New Jersey, 1,144 in 
New York, and 1,236 in Pennsylvania, totalling 3,640 square miles. 
The entire zone of field operations totaled 10,820 square miles, an area 
approximating in size the State of Vermont. 
ERADICATION AND SANITATION ACTIVITIES 
Activities of sanitation crews during the fall, winter, and spring 
consisted in removal of trees infected with elm bark beetles, individual 
dead and dying trees, and dead and dying trees, covered by a blanket 
permission for an entire section : intensive local sanitation in problem 
areas ; clear cutting of elms in heavily infected areas ; and destruction 
of elms in close proximity to trees confirmed as infected. Disposal of 
wood piles and the pruning of beetle wood were also activities of the 
sanitation crews. These operations had as their primary purpose the 
destruction of the fungus causing the disease and of material infected 
with the insect vectors of the fungus. Additional selective work com- 
prised such activities as the creation of elm-free areas, through either 
clear cutting or other operations, to reduce costs and limit the extent 
of field activities. 
Elms removed by the crews engaged in the various operations in- 
volved in eradication, sanitation, and selective work numbered 773,604. 
This reduction from last year's grand total of 1.206,000 trees removed 
was due to the fact that fewer W. P. A. workers were carried through 
the winter this year and that thorough sanitation activities were con- 
centrated where they would be of the most benefit in eit her eradical ing 
the disease or reducing the elm bark beetle population. The accumu- 
lative total of elms destroyed in the varied operations since the work 
was organized in 1931 is now 5,303,848. 
Elm-sanitation work outside of the main zone of operations was 
centered at the three isolated infection centers in Indianapolis, Ind., 
Athens, Ohio, and Wiley Ford. W. Ya. Several diseased trees were 
