30 WOODPECKEBS IN RELATION TO TREES. 
BlTTBB PECAN {Ilicoria aquatica). Soul hern Arkansas (A. A. and 
A. M. 391); Cottonporl and Longbridge, La. 
Bitter mt {Ilicoria cordlformis) . — West Virginia (F. 73488); 
Ailenton, Mo. (A. A. and A. M. 393); Seven Locks, Montgomery 
County, Md.; Department of Agriculture grounds, District of 
Columbia. 
MoCKEB mt {Ilicoria alba). — This species is very commonly 
attacked by Bapsuckers. A tree in Fairfax County, Va., examined 
March 21, 1909, bore many protruding girdles (PL X, fig. 1) where 
the birds had pecked in the same place year after year, besides a great 
deal of less conspicuous work. Plate IX, figure 2, shows similar gir- 
dles on another tree which is fully 2 feet in diameter. At the date 
specified there were many fresh drills in the girdles and elsewhere, 
and sap was (lowing freely. Evidently growth is vigorous in this 
species, as a plug of wood grows out through almost every hole in the 
hark. About all the sapsucker has to do when he visits the tree the 
next yea i- is to knock out the plugs. However, he usually punctures 
a layer or two of sapwood to insure a good flow of sap. A dead tree 
of tins species near the same locality was evidently killed by sap- 
muckers. It bore more than a hundred nearly or entirely complete 
girdles of holes, besides numerous less perfect ones. In fact it was 
riddled from bottom to top. (PL IX, fig. 3.) From an examination 
of sections of this tree it was learned that all this work has been done 
in five years or less. Much of it never healed. The mocker nut 
is severely attacked in the vicinity of Cloverdale, Ind. (letter from 
J. B. Burris, Dec. 9, 1901), and to some extent also in Illinois (F. 
2()4r)7). 
Big shellbark {Ilicoria laciniosa). — Morgantown, W. Va. (H.) ; 
Illinois (F. 26458); Department of Agriculture grounds, District of 
Columbia. 
Shellbark {Hicoria ovata). — Widmann (see Bendire) notes that 
this species is " occasionally punctured." A specimen from Butler 
County, Mo., shows many pecks (F. 72449), and a tree in the Agri- 
culture Department grounds at Washington has on the limbs 
many sapsucker girdles, which cause the bark to split and peel off 
more than it naturally would. 
Southern shellbark {Ilicoria carolinse-septentrionalis). — Rome, 
Ga. (A. M . 
PlGNUT (Ilicoria glabra). — Weed and Dearborn state that sap- 
suckers "puncture the pignut hickory," and C. (1. Bates says: 
Bird peeks arc common almost everywhere thai hickories are found, but perhaps 
nowhere is the damage bo Berious as on the southerly slopes of the Cumberland Moun- 
tains of Tennessee, where the hickory, mostly pignut, OCCUTS in rather open stands 
with chestnul oak, which is also frequently attacked by the sapsucker. (Dec. 15, 
