36 WOODPECKERS IN RELATION TO TREES. 
seen an elm tree is indies in diameter whose trunk of 12 feel was 
spotted with 'gimlet holes' in the bark nearly 1 inch thick, and where 
for 10 summers past I have shot the pests and thereby saved the 
tree." A white elm in the Smithsonian grounds is much disfigured 
by sapsucker girdles and one near Scotts Run, Fairfax County, Va., 
hears more conspicuous work of the same character, some of the girdles 
being 3 feel long and gaping as much as 3 inches (PL VII, fig. 2). 
Specimens examined show that the tree is attacked in West Vir- 
ginia (II.), Illinois, and in Butler County, Mo. (F. 26445 and 73249, 
respectively). 
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva). — Specimens examined show that this 
species is attacked by sapsuckers in Missouri (A. M. 278) and West 
Virginia (IT.). Sapsucker work was noted on slippery elms near 
Abbeville, La., and trees seen near Longbridge, La., were covered 
with rows of punctures, some of which had swollen into projecting 
girdles. 
English elm ( Ulmus campestris) and Scotch elm ( Ulmus mon- 
tana), — In the Agricultural Department grounds are 31 elms, 9 of 
which are marked by sapsuckers. Some are profusely punctured and 
both of the European species, as well as the American elm, are 
attacked. 
Water elm (Planera aquatica). — Arkansas (A. A. and A. M. 275). 
IIackberry (Celtis occidentalis) . — Iron County, Mo. (F. 72268); 
Allenton, Mo. (A. M. 273). 
Hackberrt (Celtis mississippiensis). — Sapsucker pecking is very 
abundant on trees of this species in the vicinity of Cottonport and 
Longbridge. La. A peculiar effect of sapsucker work on this tree 
is that rings of bark are often formed about the punctures. They 
may be half an inch in height, and as they are round and open, a 
cluster of them on the gray bark forms a model in miniature of a 
colony of cliff swallows' nests. 
Till-: POUR O'CLOCK FAMILY (XV< "I'ACINAC -k.k). 
The single arborescent species in our flora is attached by sap- 
Buckers. 
BlOLLT (Torruhialonglfolia). — Florida Keys (A. M. 264). 
THE MAGNOLIAS AND TULIP TREES (MAGNOLIACE^E). 
Six of the 8 native magnolias. :; introduced species, and the single 
native species of tulip trees are distincl favorites of the birds. Of 22 
magnolias on the Department of Agriculture grounds half have been 
pecked. The result ing girdles in the smooth, ashy gray bark of some 
of I he Bpecies are unsightly, and one of the trees, a bull bay. is much 
roughened and distorted. The tulip tree is attacked throughout its 
