52 WOODPECKERS IN RELATION TO TREES. 
Apple (Mains mains). "Some apple trees [attacked by this 
species] died back al the top and did not thrive, so that I cut them 
down as useless" (EUwood Cooper, Santa Barbara, CaL, Feb. 8, 
1909). 
Along in February and March thifl species does a good deal of tapping the apple 
trees, more particularly in old orchards isolated in outlying canyons and mountain 
tlats. In one old apple orchard in Culls Canyon [near Haywards, Cal.] certain varie- 
ties of apple trees are badly girdled, as the bellflower, winter pearmain, and Baldwin. 
This I have noticed all through the Santa Cruz Mountains, where a good many apple 
orchards lav. 
September 10, 1908, while on the McCloud River near Baird, Shasta County, 
I was in a small orchard patch of a dozen trees, situated in a deep ravine of the moun- 
tains, where no other orchards were in miles; these trees were the worst affected of 
any I ever saw by the S. ruber w T ork. From within a foot of the ground up, all the main 
branches were literally cut up with their sap holes. It could plainly be seen where 
the trees had rapidly healed or grown up again and left the bark all pitted. Xo evil 
effect was noted as to small fruit, for I never saw finer sized nor colored apple- in 
the coast counties. In a 10-mile drive from there to the railroad I observed wherever 
there grew an apple tree it was netted with ruber's sap holes. [\V. O. Emerson, I lav- 
wards, Cal., Mar. 14, 1909.] 
All the old [20 to 50 years] pear and apple trees are badly scarred up from the 
ravages of this bird. ... I have removed numbers of the old apple trees which were 
affected. [Ernest Adams, Clipper Gap, Cal., Apr. 30, 1909.] 
THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES (AMYGDALACE^E). 
Peach (Prunus persica). — Mr. Carberry stated that if he did not 
keep these birds in check they would kill every fruit tree he owned. 
At least a dozen peach trees were scarred from top to bottom with 
small borings of this bird (J. II. Gaut, Burney, Cal., Aug., 1905). 
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca). — "It taps fruit trees, especially 
prune and apricot. . . . Trees are frequently killed by . . . punc- 
tures. . . . The evil ... is wrought in summer when the dry 
season has enfeebled the tree" (Cook). 
Plum (Prunus domestica). — The plum is attacked by the red- 
breasted sapsucker (W. O. Emerson, Haywards, CaL, Mar. 14, 1909). 
See also quotation under Apricot, just above. 
THE RUE FAMILY (rUTACE^e). 
Orange (Citrus aurantium). — "Some complaint has been made 
from Riverside and Los Angeles Counties of this species cutting the 
orange 1 fees badly during the winter months" (W. O. Emerson, Mar. 
14, 1909). Orange trees are very seriously injured (Ellwood Cooper, 
Santa Barbara, CaL. Jan. 22, 1909). 
THE SUMAC FAMILY (ANACARDIACKfi). 
Pepper tree (Schinus mode). Hie red-breasted sapsuckei is 
"oftenest noticed, even along the noisy city streets, in the pepper 
trees, the Bap of which this bird seems to particularly like" (Grm- 
ncll. L898). 
