TREES ATTACKED BY WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER. 53 
THE MYRTLE FAMILY (mYRTACE^e). 
Blue gum {Eucalyptus globulus). — This species is injured by the 
red-breasted sapsucker (Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara, CaL, Jan. 
22, 1909). "A number [of sapsuckers] have taken a fancy to a big 
blue gum tree in the yard, where on warm, sunny days they ... go 
to peck holes and suck the rich sap that flows freely in the cold fall 
months" (Emerson). 
TREES ATTACKED BY THE WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER. 
(Sphyrapicus thyro ideus . ) 
Bull pine (Pinus ponderosa). — "Many grills of borings were seen 
in the bark of } T ellow pines and firs at Bluff Lake [CaL] which I 
ascribed to this species" (Grinnell, 1908). A specimen from Pine 
Grove, Mont., collected by Joseph Brunner (H. 8516), is riddled with 
pecks, vertical strips of bark being cleanly removed. 
Lodgepole pine (Pinus murrayana) . — Belding remarks that Wil- 
liamson sapsuckers were ''breeding in living tamaracks and covered 
with their resinous juices," which implies that the trees were tapped. 
Pine (species not given). — Merrill notes that this sapsucker is 
11 partial to young pines, with the soft inner bark of which, and frag- 
ments of insects, the stomachs of adults are usually filled." 
White fir (Abies concolor). — See quotation from Grinnell under 
Bull pine. 
SUMMARY OF INJURIES JEOPARDIZING THE VIGOR OR LIFE 
OF TREES. 
Condensing the information contained in the foregoing lists, we 
find that the yellow-bellied sapsucker attacks no fewer than 246 
species of native trees and 6 vines, besides 31 kinds of introduced 
trees. Twenty-nine of these trees and 1 vine aie known to be some- 
times killed and 28 others are much disfigured or seriously reduced in 
vitality. 
The red-breasted sapsucker, a bird much less observed, is known 
to attack 20 species of trees and shrubs, to damage individuals of at 
least 11 of them, and sometimes to kill members of 8 species. Con- 
sidering the smaller range of this sapsucker and our comparative 
unfamiliarity with its habits, there is little doubt that bird for bird 
it is fully as detrimental to trees as the more widespread yellow-bellied 
woodpecker. 
The Williamson sapsucker is here recorded as attacking 3 species 
of the pine family. 
Combining the statistics for the 3 species of sapsuckers, we find 
that they are known to attack 258 trees, shrubs, and vines of 45 
native families. These families are represented by 603 arborescent 
