TEEES ATTACKED BY YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKEB. 21 
from the pine, and it then appears quite clean. The resin flows from the wounds the 
bird has made and forms milky streaks and gummy excrescences later in the season 
which look unsightly. . . . The pines are weakened, their tops girdled until they 
become bent and even blown off by the wind. Apple trees and choice maples are 
seriously damaged. ... I have counted six of these birds at one time on a dozen 
sugar maples in front of one lot in my own town, and have seen the sap flow in a stream. x 
Dr. P. R. Hoy gives eYidence of damage by yellow-bellied sap- 
suckers. In 1S65 he wrote as follows: 
They . . . energetically attack the maple, mountain ash, pine, spruce, pear, apple, 
plum, cherry, peach, and silver poplar, . . . iron wood, wild cherry, and basswood. 
. . . It is during the autumnal visit that they do the greatest damage: for in spring, 
when the vital forces of vegetation are unusually active, the tree recovers more cer- 
tainly from the wounds inflicted, while in the fall, vegetable life being less active, the 
septa between the punctures are more likely to dry. leaving the tree dead or crippled 
for life. The sapsuckers attack the most thrifty trees, but after they have suffered a 
siege from these sapsuckers, they are thrifty no more . If not killed . they are so stunted 
that they fall an easy prey to the bark lice, . . . for when an orchard tree is enfeebled 
from any cause, bark lire are sure to finish the work. . . . The damage done by these 
birds to orchards and ornamental grounds is considerable, second only to that of the 
bark louse. There is not a garden or orchard of anysize in the vicinity of Racine [Wis.] 
that has not lost trees killed by the sapsucker. 2 
The instances above cited are sufficient to show that sapsuckers 
materially injure or eYen kill many trees of a wide Yariety of species. 
Subjoined are lists of the trees attacked by the three species of sap- 
suckers as complete as present information permits. 
TREES ATTACKED BY THE YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. 
(Sphyrapicus varius.) 
In these lists field notes on damage to certain trees are given, with 
locality and name of obseiwer. The writer is responsible for cita- 
tions with localities only (most of which are vouched for by specimens 
in the Biological Survey), for unsigned field notes, and for records of 
specimens in museums. The following abbreviations are used: A. A., 
Arnold Arboretum: A. M., American Museum of Natural History; 
F., Field Museum of Natural History: H., Hopkins collection. These 
symbols are accompanied by the numbers of the specimens in these 
wood collections. Xotes from published sources are followed by the 
name of the author, and the bibliography following the lists supplies 
the complete references. The exception is a paper read by Dr. A. D. 
Hopkins before the Biological Society of Washington, which, although 
unpublished, is inserted in the bibliography. We are under the 
greatest obligations to Dr. Hopkins, who has furnished a vast amount 
of valuable data on sapsucker work. The scientific names of the trees 
agree in the main with those of Britton's North American Trees. 3 
1 Indiana Dept. Geol., Annual Report 22 (for 1897). pp. 835-6, 1898. 
2 Trans. 111. State Agr. Soc, V, 731-2, 1865. 
s Britton, N. L., New York, 1908, pp. 894. 
